十個(gè)你所不知道的Linux命令盤點(diǎn)
下面可能是你不曾用過(guò)后十個(gè)Linux的命令。相當(dāng)?shù)挠杏谩?/p>
1)pgrep
pgrep名字前有個(gè)p,我們可以猜到這和進(jìn)程相關(guān),又是grep,當(dāng)然這是進(jìn)程相關(guān)的grep命令。不過(guò),這個(gè)命令主要是用來(lái)列舉進(jìn)程ID的。如:
$ pgrep -u hchen 22441 22444
這個(gè)命令相當(dāng)于:
1 ps -ef | egrep '^hchen' | awk '{print $2}'
2)pstree
這個(gè)命令可以以樹形的方式列出進(jìn)程。如下所示:
[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]$ pstree init-+-acpid |-auditd-+-python | `-{auditd} |-automount---4*[{automount}] |-backup.sh---sleep |-dbus-daemon |-events/0 |-events/1 |-hald---hald-runner---hald-addon-acpi |-httpd---10*[httpd] |-irqbalance |-khelper |-klogd |-ksoftirqd/0 |-ksoftirqd/1 |-kthread-+-aio/0 |-aio/1 |-ata/0 |-ata/1 |-ata_aux |-cqueue/0 |-cqueue/1 |-kacpid |-kauditd |-kblockd/0 |-kblockd/1 |-kedac |-khubd |-6*[kjournald] |-kmirrord |-kpsmoused |-kseriod |-kswapd0 |-2*[pdflush] |-scsi_eh_0 |-scsi_eh_1 |-xenbus | `-xenwatch |-migration/0 |-migration/1 |-6*[mingetty] |-3*[multilog] |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}] |-smartd |-sshd---sshd---sshd---bash---pstree |-svscanboot---svscan-+-3*[supervise---run] |-supervise---qmail-send-+-qmail-clean |-qmail-lspawn | `-qmail-rspawn | `-2*[supervise---tcpserver] |-syslogd |-udevd |-watchdog/0 |-watchdog/1 -xinetd
#p#
3)bc
這個(gè)命令主要是做一個(gè)精度比較高的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算的。比如開平方根等。下面是一個(gè)我們利用bc命令寫的一個(gè)腳本(文件名:sqrt)
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ] then echo 'Usage: sqrt number' exit 1 else
echo -e "sqrt($1)\nquit\n" | bc -q -i
fi
于是,我們可以這樣使用這個(gè)腳本進(jìn)行平方根運(yùn)算:
[hchen@RHELSVR5]$ ./sqrt 36 [hchen@RHELSVR5]$ ./sqrt 2.0000 1.4142 [hchen@RHELSVR5]$ ./sqrt 10.0000
4)split
如果你有一個(gè)很大的文件,你想把其分割成一些小的文件,那么這個(gè)命令就是干這件事的了。
[hchen@RHELSVR5 applebak]# ls -l largefile.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 436774774 04-17 02:00 largefile.tar.gz [hchen@RHELSVR5 applebak]# split -b 50m largefile.tar.gz LF_ [hchen@RHELSVR5]# ls -l LF_* -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_aa -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ab -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ac -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ad -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ae -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:35 LF_af -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:35 LF_ag -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:35 LF_ah -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 17344374 05-10 18:35 LF_ai
文件合并只需要使用簡(jiǎn)單的合并就行了,如:
1 [hchen@RHELSVR5]# cat LF_* >largefile.tar.gz
#p#
5)nl
nl命令其它和cat命令很像,只不過(guò)它會(huì)打上行號(hào)。如下所示:
[hchen@RHELSVR5 include]# nl stdio.h | head -n 10 1 /* Define ISO C stdio on top of C++ iostreams. 2 Copyright (C) 1991,1994-2004,2005,2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 3 This file is part of the GNU C Library. 4 The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 5 modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public 6 License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either 7 version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. 8 The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
6)mkfifo
熟悉Unix的人都應(yīng)該知道這個(gè)是一個(gè)創(chuàng)建有名管道的系統(tǒng)調(diào)用或命令。平時(shí),我們?cè)诿钚猩鲜褂秘Q線“|”把命令串起來(lái)是使用無(wú)命管道。而我們使用mkfifo則使用的是有名管道。下面是示例:
下面是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)有名管道:
[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# mkfifo /tmp/hchenpipe [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# ls -l /tmp prw-rw-r-- 1 hchen hchen 0 05-10 18:58 hchenpipe
然后,我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)shell中運(yùn)行如下命令,這個(gè)命令不會(huì)返回,除非有人從這個(gè)有名管道中把信息讀走。
[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# ls -al > /tmp/hchenpipe
我們?cè)诹硪粋€(gè)命令窗口中讀取這個(gè)管道中的信息:(其會(huì)導(dǎo)致上一個(gè)命令返回)
01 [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# head /tmp/hchenpipe 02 drwx------ 8 hchen hchen 4096 05-10 18:27 . 03 drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 03-05 00:06 .. 04 drwxr-xr-x 3 hchen hchen 4096 03-01 18:13 backup 05 -rw------- 1 hchen hchen 721 05-05 22:12 .bash_history 06 -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 24 02-28 22:20 .bash_logout 07 -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 176 02-28 22:20 .bash_profile 08 -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 124 02-28 22:20 .bashrc 09 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14002 03-07 00:29 index.htm 10 -rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 31465 03-01 23:48 index.php
#p#
7)ldd
這個(gè)命令可以知道你的一個(gè)可執(zhí)行文件所使用了動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接庫(kù)。如:
01 [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/java 02 linux-gate.so.1 => (0x00cd9000) 03 libgij.so.7rh => /usr/lib/libgij.so.7rh (0x00ed3000) 04 libgcj.so.7rh => /usr/lib/libgcj.so.7rh (0x00ed6000) 05 libpthread.so.0 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/libpthread.so.0 (0x00110000) 06 librt.so.1 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/librt.so.1 (0x009c8000) 07 libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x008b5000) 08 libz.so.1 => /usr/lib/libz.so.1 (0x00bee000) 09 libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00aa7000) 10 libc.so.6 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/libc.so.6 (0x0022f000) 11 libm.so.6 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/libm.so.6 (0x00127000) 12 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00214000)
8)col
這個(gè)命令可以讓你把man文件轉(zhuǎn)成純文本文件。如下示例:
- # PAGER=cat
- # man less | col -b > less.txt
9)xmlwf
這個(gè)命令可以讓你檢查一下一個(gè)XML文檔是否是所有的tag都是正常的。如:
1 [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# curl 'http://coolshell.cn/?feed=rss2' > cocre.xml 2 % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current 3 Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 4 100 64882 0 64882 0 0 86455 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 2073k 5 [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# xmlwf cocre.xml 6 [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# perl -i -pe 's@<link>@<br>@g' cocre.xml 7 [hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# xmlwf cocre.xml 8 cocre.xml:13:23: mismatched tag
10)lsof
可以列出打開了的文件。
01 [root@RHELSVR5 ~]# lsof | grep TCP 02 httpd 548 apache 4u IPv6 14300967 TCP *:http (LISTEN) 03 httpd 548 apache 6u IPv6 14300972 TCP *:https (LISTEN) 04 httpd 561 apache 4u IPv6 14300967 TCP *:http (LISTEN) 05 httpd 561 apache 6u IPv6 14300972 TCP *:https (LISTEN) 06 sshd 1764 root 3u IPv6 4993 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) 07 tcpserver 8965 root 3u IPv4 153795500 TCP *:pop3 (LISTEN) 08 mysqld 10202 mysql 10u IPv4 73819697 TCP *:mysql (LISTEN) 09 sshd 10735 root 3u IPv6 160731956 TCP 210.51.0.232:ssh->123.117.239.68:31810 (ESTABLISHED) 10 sshd 10767 hchen 3u IPv6 160731956 TCP 210.51.0.232:ssh->123.117.239.68:31810 (ESTABLISHED) 11 vsftpd 11095 root 3u IPv4 152157957 TCP *:ftp (LISTEN)
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