mail 中文man頁(yè)面

作者：riser 2011-08-15 10:04:26

Mail 是一個(gè)智能化的郵件處理系統(tǒng),它具有 ed1 的命令語(yǔ)法回憶功能,只是用消息替換了行罷了.

NAME(名稱(chēng))

mail - 發(fā)送和接收郵件

SYNOPSIS(總覽)

mail [-iInv ] [-s subject ] [-c cc-addr ] [-b bcc-addr ] to-addr...
mail [-iInNv -f ] [name ]
mail [-iInNv [-u user ] ]

INTRODUCTION(介紹)

Mail 是一個(gè)智能化的郵件處理系統(tǒng),它具有 ed1 的命令語(yǔ)法回憶功能,只是用消息替換了行罷了.

-v: 詳盡模式. 傳輸郵件的細(xì)節(jié)都呈現(xiàn)在用戶(hù)的終端上.
-i: 忽略tty中斷信號(hào). 這對(duì)于在嘈雜的電話(huà)線(xiàn)路上使用 mail 特別有用.
-I: 強(qiáng)迫mail以交互模式運(yùn)行,即使其不是通過(guò)終端輸入的. 特別地,正在發(fā)送郵件時(shí), `~ ' 特殊字符只在交互模式下才起作用.
-n: 禁止在啟動(dòng)時(shí)讀取 /etc/mail.rc
-N: 當(dāng)閱讀郵件或編輯郵件夾時(shí)禁止消息頭的初始化顯示.
-s: 在命令行上指定主題(僅把 -s 標(biāo)識(shí)后的第一個(gè)參數(shù)用作主題;注意對(duì)包含空格的主題加上引號(hào).)
-c: 發(fā)送復(fù)件(carbon copy)給用戶(hù) list
-b: 發(fā)送隱藏的復(fù)寫(xiě)副本(blind carbon copy)給用戶(hù) list list應(yīng)為以逗號(hào)分隔的名字列表.
-f: 讀入你的 mbox (或指定文件) 中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行處理;當(dāng)你 quit 時(shí), mail 會(huì)把未刪除的消息寫(xiě)回該文件.
-u: 相當(dāng)于:
mail -f /var/spool/mail/user

Sending mail(發(fā)送郵件)

要發(fā)送一條消息給一個(gè)或更多的人, mail 可以以郵件將要發(fā)送的人名作為參數(shù)進(jìn)行調(diào)用. 然后要求你輸入你的消息,并在每行的開(kāi)頭跟著一個(gè) `control-D ' 下面的部分 Replying to or originating mail 描述了一些 mail 用于幫助你操作信件的功能.

Reading mail(閱讀郵件)

在一般的用法中 mail 不帶任何參數(shù),并通過(guò)郵局(post office)檢查你的郵件,然后對(duì)于每條找到的消息打印出一個(gè)行頭.當(dāng)前的消息初始為第一條消息(序號(hào)1),而且可以使用 print 命令(可簡(jiǎn)省為 `p ' ) 打印. 你可以使用命令 `+ ' 和 `- ' 如在 ed1 的各行間移動(dòng)一樣前后移動(dòng)消息,或者移動(dòng)到一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的序號(hào).

Disposing of mail(丟棄郵件).

在檢查了消息之后,你可以 delete `d ' ) 這條消息或者 reply `r ' ) 它. 刪除會(huì)導(dǎo)致 mail 程序遺忘該條消息. 這并非不能撤銷(xiāo);可以通過(guò)給定其序號(hào)來(lái) undeleted `u ' ) 該條消息,或者通過(guò)指定 exit `x ' ) 命令來(lái)終止 mail 的會(huì)話(huà). 不過(guò),刪除了的消息就會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)消失不再出現(xiàn).

Specifying messages(指定消息)

命令如 print 和 delete 可以給定一組消息的序號(hào)作為參數(shù)來(lái)一次性對(duì)這組消息進(jìn)行操作. 所以, ``delete 1 2 '' 會(huì)刪除消息1和2,而 ``delete 1-5 '' 會(huì)刪除消息1到5. 特殊名字 `* ' 表示所有消息,而 `$ ' 表示最后一條消息;因此用來(lái)打印一條消息的首幾行的命令 top 可用在 ``top * '' 中以打印所有消息的首幾行.

Replying to or originating mail(回復(fù)或發(fā)送郵件).

你可以使用 reply 命令來(lái)回復(fù)一條消息,將它發(fā)送回消息的發(fā)送者. 你輸入的一直到文末的文本定義了該條消息的內(nèi)容. 當(dāng)你正在操作一條消息時(shí), mail 處理以字符 `~ ' 開(kāi)頭的行會(huì)有些特殊. 例如,輸入 `~m ' (這一行就這么一句)會(huì)放置一個(gè)當(dāng)前消息的拷貝到回復(fù)中,其可以通過(guò)tabstop右移位(參見(jiàn)下面的 indentprefix 變量). 其它擴(kuò)展符可用來(lái)設(shè)置主題字段,添加和刪除消息的收件人,并且允許你返回編輯器來(lái)修改消息,或者用shell執(zhí)行某些命令. (這些選項(xiàng)都在下面的summary中給定.)

Ending a mail processing session(終止郵件處理會(huì)話(huà)).

你可以使用 quit `q ' ) 命令來(lái)終止 mail 會(huì)話(huà). 檢查了的郵件會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)到你的 mbox 文件,除非它們因?yàn)閯h除而被丟棄了. 未檢查的郵件則返回到郵局. (參見(jiàn)上面的 -f 選項(xiàng)).

Personal and systemwide distribution lists(個(gè)人和系統(tǒng)的發(fā)送列表).

可以創(chuàng)建個(gè)人的發(fā)送列表,這樣,例如你發(fā)送郵件到 ``cohorts '' 時(shí),即可發(fā)送它給一組人. 這樣的列表可以通過(guò)在你home目錄下的文件 .mailrc 中放置如下一行:

alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcory

來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn). 這類(lèi)別名的當(dāng)前列表可以使用 mail 中的 alias 命令來(lái)顯示. 系統(tǒng)級(jí)的發(fā)送列表可以通過(guò)編輯 /etc/aliases 來(lái)創(chuàng)建,參看 aliases(5) 和 sendmail(8); 這些具有不同的語(yǔ)法. 在你發(fā)送的郵件中,私有別名會(huì)在發(fā)送給其他人的郵件中展開(kāi),這樣他們就能夠 reply 給收件人. 系統(tǒng)級(jí)的 aliases 在郵件發(fā)送時(shí)不會(huì)展開(kāi),但是當(dāng)所有郵件通過(guò) sendmail 時(shí),任何返回機(jī)器的回復(fù)信都會(huì)展開(kāi)系統(tǒng)級(jí)別名.

Network mail(網(wǎng)絡(luò)郵件)(ARPA,UUCP,Berknet)

參見(jiàn) mailaddr(7) 以獲知關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址的描述.

Mail 可以在 .mailrc 文件中設(shè)置一些選項(xiàng)以改變其操作;因而 ``set askcc '' 會(huì)激活 askcc 功能. (這些選項(xiàng)都總結(jié)在下面.)

SUMMARY(總結(jié))

(改編自`Mail Reference Manual')

每條命令單獨(dú)占一行,而且可能帶有參數(shù)跟在命令字后. 命令不需要完全輸入 - 使用第一個(gè)匹配輸入前綴的命令. 對(duì)于那些以消息列表作為參數(shù)的命令,如果沒(méi)有給定消息列表,那么使用滿(mǎn)足命令要求的下一條消息. 如果當(dāng)前消息之后沒(méi)有任何消息,那么搜索繼續(xù)向前進(jìn)行.如果根本沒(méi)有合適的消息, mail 輸出 ``applicable messages '' 并且終止該命令.

-: 打印出接下來(lái)的消息. 如果給定一個(gè)序號(hào) n 作為參數(shù),那么會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)到 n 'th 前面的消息并打印它.
?: 打印命令概要.
!: 執(zhí)行后面跟著的shell命令 (參看 sh(1) 和 csh(1))
Print: (P ) 如同 print 一樣,不過(guò)它還會(huì)打印出忽略的消息頭字段. 另見(jiàn) print ignore 以及 retain
Reply: (R ) 回復(fù)信件給發(fā)送者. 不回復(fù)給發(fā)送來(lái)的郵件中的其它收件人.
Type: (T ) 與 Print 命令一致.
alias: (a ) 不帶參數(shù),打印出所有當(dāng)前定義的別名.. 帶一個(gè)參數(shù),打印該別名. 帶多于一個(gè)的參數(shù),則創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的別名或?qū)系倪M(jìn)行修改,
alternates: (alt ) 如果你在數(shù)臺(tái)機(jī)器上有賬號(hào). alternates 命令很有用.它可以用來(lái)通知 mail 列出的地址實(shí)際都是你的. 當(dāng)你 回復(fù) 消息時(shí), mail 就不會(huì)發(fā)送消息的拷貝到任何列在 alternates 列表中的地址. 如果 alternates 命令未給定參數(shù),那么顯示當(dāng)前alternate的名字.
chdir: (c ) 如果指定了的話(huà),修改用戶(hù)的工作目錄為指定的目錄. 如果沒(méi)有指定目錄,那么修改為用戶(hù)的登錄目錄.
copy: (co ) copy 命令與 save 一樣,唯一的例外是當(dāng)你退出時(shí),它不會(huì)標(biāo)明刪除了的消息.
delete: (d ) 以消息列表作為參數(shù),并且標(biāo)明它們?nèi)勘粍h除. 刪除了的消息不會(huì)保存在 mbox 中, 也不會(huì)對(duì)大多數(shù)其它命令可用.
dp: (也作 dt 刪除當(dāng)前消息并打印下一條消息. 如果沒(méi)有下一條消息, mail 輸出 ``at EOF ''
edit: (e ) 讀取一組消息,并把文本編輯器按序指向每條消息. 在從編輯器返回時(shí),消息會(huì)再讀回.
exit: ( ex 或者 x 不修改用戶(hù)的系統(tǒng)郵箱,他的 mbox 文件,或者在 -f 中的編輯文件而立即返回到shell.
file: (fi ) 與 folder 相同.
folders: 列出在你的郵件夾目錄中的郵件夾名.
folder: (fo ) folder 命令用來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)新的郵件文件或文件夾. 不帶參數(shù)時(shí),它會(huì)告知你當(dāng)前在閱讀的文件. 如果你給定了一個(gè)參數(shù),它會(huì)在當(dāng)前文件中寫(xiě)完你剛作的修改(例如刪除)并讀入新的文件. 對(duì)名字有一些特別的約定. #表示前一個(gè)文件, %表示你的系統(tǒng)郵箱, %user表示user的系統(tǒng)郵箱, &表示你的 mbox 文件,而 +folder表示在你的folder目錄中的一個(gè)文件.
from: (f ) 讀取一組消息并打印出其消息頭.
headers: (h ) 顯示消息頭的當(dāng)前范圍,這是一個(gè)18-消息組. 如果給定了一個(gè) `+' 參數(shù),那么會(huì)打印下一個(gè)18-消息組,而如果給定了一個(gè) `-' 參數(shù),那么會(huì)打印前一個(gè)18-消息組.
help: 與 ? 同義.
hold: ( ho 也作 preserve 讀取一個(gè)消息列表,并標(biāo)記其中的每條消息保存到用戶(hù)的系統(tǒng)郵箱中,而非 mbox 中. 這不會(huì)覆蓋 delete 命令.
ignore: 添加一列消息頭字段到 ignored list 中. 當(dāng)你打印一條消息時(shí),在ignore list中的消息頭字段不會(huì)在你的終端上打印出來(lái). 這條命令對(duì)于抑制特定的機(jī)器生成的消息頭字段很方便. Type 和 Print 命令可以用來(lái)完整地打印一條消息,包括忽略的字段. 如果 ignore 不帶任何參數(shù)執(zhí)行,它會(huì)列出當(dāng)前設(shè)置的忽略的字段.
mail: (m ) 以登錄名和發(fā)送組名作為參數(shù)并發(fā)送郵件給這些人.
mbox: 標(biāo)明當(dāng)你退出時(shí),消息列表會(huì)發(fā)送到你的home目錄下的 mbox 中. 如果你 沒(méi)有 設(shè)置 hold 選項(xiàng),這就是消息默認(rèn)的操作行為.
next: (n ) 類(lèi)似 + 或 CR 轉(zhuǎn)到按序的下一條消息并輸出它. 如果帶了參數(shù)列表,則輸出下一個(gè)匹配的消息.
preserve: (pre ) 與 hold 同義.
print: (p ) 讀取消息列表,并在用戶(hù)終端上輸出每條消息.
quit: (q ) 終止會(huì)話(huà),保存所有未刪除而且未保存的消息到用戶(hù)的登錄目錄下的 mbox 文件中,并保留所有使用 hold 或者 preserve 標(biāo)記或者從未關(guān)聯(lián)的消息到他的系統(tǒng)郵箱中,另外從他的系統(tǒng)郵箱中刪除所有其它消息. 如果新的郵件在這次會(huì)話(huà)中到達(dá),會(huì)給出 ``You have new mail '' 消息. 如果在編輯郵箱文件時(shí)指定了 -f 標(biāo)識(shí),那么編輯的文件會(huì)重寫(xiě). 返回到Shell會(huì)受影響,除非編輯文件的重寫(xiě)失敗,在這種情況下,用戶(hù)可以使用 exit 命令退出.
reply: (r ) 讀取消息列表并發(fā)送郵件給發(fā)送者和指定消息的所有收件人. 默認(rèn)消息不能夠刪除.
respond: 與 reply 同義.
retain: 添加消息頭字段列表到 retained list 中. 只有在retain list中的消息頭字段才會(huì)在你打印一條消息時(shí)顯示在你的終端上. 所有其它消息頭字段都抑制了. Type 和 Print 命令可以用來(lái)完整地打印一條消息. 如果 retain 不帶任何參數(shù)執(zhí)行,它會(huì)列出保留字段(retained field)的當(dāng)前設(shè)置.
save: (s ) 讀取一個(gè)消息列表和一個(gè)文件名,并按序添加每條消息到該文件末尾. 文件名應(yīng)以加引號(hào),后面跟著回應(yīng)到用戶(hù)終端上的行數(shù)和字符數(shù).
set: (se ) 如果不帶任何參數(shù),打印所有變量值. 否則,設(shè)置選項(xiàng). 參數(shù)為以下格式: option=value (在=前后都沒(méi)有空格)或者 option 引號(hào)標(biāo)記可能需要放到賦值語(yǔ)句的任何部分以括起空格或者退格符,也即 ``set indentprefix=-> ''
saveignore: Saveignore 用來(lái) save ignore 的內(nèi)容并 print 和 type 這樣標(biāo)記的消息頭字段當(dāng)通過(guò) save 保存消息或者當(dāng)自動(dòng)保存到 mbox 中時(shí)會(huì)過(guò)濾掉.
saveretain: Saveretain 用來(lái) save retain 中的內(nèi)容,并 print 和 type 這樣標(biāo)記的消息頭字段當(dāng)通過(guò) save 保存消息或者當(dāng)自動(dòng)保存到 mbox 中時(shí)會(huì)過(guò)濾掉. Saveretain 覆蓋 saveignore
shell: (sh ) 調(diào)用shell的交互式版本.
size: 讀取一組消息并打印出每條消息按字符的大小.
source: source 命令從一個(gè)文件讀取命令.
top: 讀取一組消息并打印每條消息的頭幾行. 打印的行數(shù)通過(guò)變量 toplines 控制,默認(rèn)為5行.
type: (t ) 與 print 同義.
unalias: 讀取一列由 alias 命令定義的名字并丟棄已有的用戶(hù)組. 組名將不再有任何作用.
undelete: (u ) 讀取一列消息并標(biāo)記每條消息為未刪除.
unread: (U ) 讀取一列消息并標(biāo)記每條消息為尚未閱讀.
unset: 讀取一列選項(xiàng)名并丟棄他們已有的值; 這是 set 的反向操作.
visual: (v ) 讀取一列消息并對(duì)每條消息調(diào)用顯示的編輯器.
write: (w ) 與 save 相似,不同之處在于 只保存 消息體而 (不保存 ) 消息頭). 這對(duì)于通過(guò)消息系統(tǒng)發(fā)送和接收源程序文本的情況有很大的用處.
xit: (x ) 與 exit 同義.
z: Mail 表示當(dāng)消息頭的窗口滿(mǎn)了時(shí),如在 headers 命令中描述的那樣顯示. 你可以使用 z 命令移動(dòng) mail 's 通告到下一個(gè)窗口. 同樣,你也可以通過(guò)使用 z- 移動(dòng)到前一個(gè)窗口.

Tilde/Escapes(代字符/擴(kuò)展符)

以下是對(duì)tilde escapes的歸納,這用于操作消息以執(zhí)行特殊的功能. Tilde escapes只在行首被承認(rèn). 名字 ``tilde escape '' 可能有些用詞不當(dāng),因?yàn)閷?shí)際的escape字符可通過(guò)選項(xiàng) escape 設(shè)置.

~! command: 執(zhí)行指定的shell命令,然后返回消息.
~b name ...: 添加給定名字到復(fù)制(carbon copy)的收件人列表中,但是不在Cc:行中顯示出來(lái)("blind" ca rbon copy).
~c name ...: 添加給定名字到復(fù)制(carbon copy)的收件人列表中.
~d: 從你的home目錄中讀取文件 ``dead.letter '' 到消息中.
~e: 對(duì)當(dāng)前收集的消息調(diào)用文本編輯器. 在編輯完成之后,你可以繼續(xù)在消息中添加文本.
~f messages: 讀取命名的messages到將要發(fā)送的消息中. 如果沒(méi)有指定messages,那么就讀取當(dāng)前消息. 當(dāng)前被忽略(通過(guò) ignore 或者 retain 命令)的消息頭不包括在內(nèi).
~F messages: 類(lèi)似于 ~f, 不過(guò)這包括了所有的消息頭.
~h: 通過(guò)逐一輸入的方式編輯消息頭字段,并且允許用戶(hù)添加文本到消息的末尾或者通過(guò)使用當(dāng)前終端的消除和抹掉字符來(lái)修改字段.
~m messages: 讀取命名的messages到將要發(fā)送的消息中,以tab或者 indentprefix 的值交錯(cuò). 如果沒(méi)有指定messages,則讀取當(dāng)前消息. 當(dāng)前被忽略(通過(guò) ignore 或者 retain 命令)的消息頭不包括在內(nèi).
~M messages: 類(lèi)似于 ~m, 不過(guò)這包括了所有的消息頭.
~p: 打印出當(dāng)前收集的消息,以消息頭字段開(kāi)始.
~q: 放棄發(fā)送消息,如果設(shè)置了 save 則復(fù)制消息到你home目錄下的 ``dead.letter '' 中.
~r filename: 讀取指定的file到消息中.
~s string: 使得指定的string成為當(dāng)前的主題字段.
~t name ...: 添加給定的name到直接的收件人列表中.
~v: 對(duì)當(dāng)前收集的消息調(diào)用后備的編輯器(由 VISUAL 選項(xiàng)定義). 通常,備用的編輯器是屏幕編輯器. 你退出編輯器后,你可以繼續(xù)在消息的末尾添加文本.
~w command: 使消息通過(guò)command的過(guò)濾. 如果command沒(méi)有輸出或者反常地終止,則會(huì)保留消息的原始文本. 命令 fmt(1) 經(jīng)常用作 command 來(lái)重新驗(yàn)證消息.
~: mail-command: 執(zhí)行給定的mail command. 但是,不是所有命令都允許的.
~ string: 插入文本string到消息中,前面以單個(gè)的~開(kāi)頭. 如果你已經(jīng)修改了escape字符,那么你應(yīng)該重復(fù)這個(gè)字符以發(fā)送它.

Mail Options(郵件選項(xiàng))

選項(xiàng)通過(guò) set 和 unset 命令控制. 選項(xiàng)可以是二進(jìn)制的,在這種情況下,只對(duì)它們是否設(shè)置了有意義;或者是字符串,這種情況下的實(shí)際值才有意義. 二進(jìn)制選項(xiàng)包括以下一些:

append: 使得保存在 mbox 中的消息添加到末尾而不是加到前面. 這通常是應(yīng)該設(shè)置的(也許在 /etc/mail.rc 中)
ask, asksub: 使得 mail 提示你輸入發(fā)送的每條消息的主題. 如果你用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的換行符應(yīng)答,則發(fā)送無(wú)主題的字段.
askcc: 提示你輸入附加的復(fù)寫(xiě)(carbon copy)的收件人在每條消息之后. 以換行符回應(yīng)表示你滿(mǎn)意當(dāng)前的列表.
askbcc: 提示你輸入附加的隱藏的復(fù)寫(xiě)(blind carbon copy)的收件人在每條消息之后. 以換行符回應(yīng)表示你滿(mǎn)意當(dāng)前的列表.
autoprint: 使得 delete 命令如 dp 一樣. - 這樣,在刪除一條消息之后,下一條消息會(huì)自動(dòng)輸出.
debug: 設(shè)置二進(jìn)制選項(xiàng) debug 與命令行上指定 -d 一樣,這會(huì)使得 mail 輸出各種有用的信息來(lái)調(diào)試 mail
dot: 二進(jìn)制選項(xiàng) dot 使得 mail 解釋一行只有單一的句點(diǎn)為你發(fā)送消息的結(jié)束.
hold: 該選項(xiàng)用來(lái)保存消息在默認(rèn)的系統(tǒng)郵箱中.
ignore: 使得忽略來(lái)自終端的中斷信號(hào),并且以@'s響應(yīng).
ignoreeof: 一個(gè)與 dot 相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)就是 ignoreeof 它使得 mail 拒絕接受control-d為消息的結(jié)束. Ignoreeof 同樣也適用于 mail 命令模式.
metoo: 通常,當(dāng)包括發(fā)送者的一組展開(kāi)時(shí),發(fā)送者會(huì)在展開(kāi)中刪除. 設(shè)置該選項(xiàng)會(huì)使得發(fā)送者包括在組中.
noheader: 設(shè)置選項(xiàng) noheader 與在命令行中指定 -N 標(biāo)識(shí)一樣.
nosave: 正常情況下,當(dāng)你使用 RUBOUT (erase或者delete) 中止一條消息時(shí), mail 會(huì)復(fù)制部分信件到你home目錄下的文件 ``dead.letter '' 中. 設(shè)置二進(jìn)制選項(xiàng) nosave 可以阻止這么做.
Replyall: 顛倒 reply 和 Reply 命令的含義.
quiet: 當(dāng)?shù)谝淮握{(diào)用時(shí),禁止打印版本.
searchheaders: 如果設(shè)置了這個(gè)選項(xiàng),那么在格式``/x:y''中的消息列表區(qū)分標(biāo)志會(huì)對(duì)所有在頭字段``x''中包含子字符串``y''的消息展開(kāi).字符串查找是區(qū)分大小寫(xiě)的.
verbose: 設(shè)置選項(xiàng) verbose 與在字符行下使用 -v 標(biāo)識(shí)一樣. 當(dāng)郵件運(yùn)行在verbose模式時(shí), 實(shí)際傳遞的消息會(huì)顯示在用戶(hù)的終端上.

Option String Values(選項(xiàng)字符串值)

EDITOR: 在 edit 命令和 ~e 擴(kuò)展符中使用的文本編輯器的路徑名. 如果沒(méi)有定義,那么使用默認(rèn)的編輯器.
LISTER: 在 folders 命令中使用的目錄瀏覽器的路徑名. 默認(rèn)為 /bin/ls
PAGER: 在 more 命令或者當(dāng)設(shè)置了 crt 變量時(shí)使用的程序的路徑名. 如果該選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有定義,默認(rèn)使用 more(1).
SHELL: 在 ! 命令和 ~! 擴(kuò)展符中使用的shell的路徑名. 如果未定義該選項(xiàng),則使用默認(rèn)的shell.
VISUAL: 在 visual 命令和 ~v 擴(kuò)展符中使用的文本編輯器的路徑名.
crt: 賦值的選項(xiàng) crt 用作限額以決定一條消息在使用 PAGER 閱讀它之前有多長(zhǎng). 如果 crt 沒(méi)有賦值,那么保存在系統(tǒng)中的終端顯示高度用來(lái)確定限額(參見(jiàn) stty(1)).
escape: 如果定義了,那么該選項(xiàng)的第一個(gè)字符給出擴(kuò)展符中替換~的字符.
folder: 存儲(chǔ)消息的文件夾的目錄名. 如果該名字以`/'開(kāi)頭, mail 會(huì)把它當(dāng)作絕對(duì)路徑名;否則,文件目錄相對(duì)于你的home目錄查找.
MBOX: mbox 文件的名字. 它可以為一個(gè)文件夾名. 默認(rèn)為在用戶(hù)home目錄下的 ``mbox ''
record: 如果定義了,指定用來(lái)存檔所有外發(fā)郵件的文件的路徑名. 如果沒(méi)有定義,那么外發(fā)郵件將不被保存.
indentprefix: 在``~m'' tilde escape中用作交錯(cuò)消息的字符串,替換一般情況下的tab字符(^I). 如果其中包含了空格或者tab,確信對(duì)值加了引號(hào).
toplines: 如果定義了,指定使用 top 命令打印的消息的行數(shù);一般情況下,打印前5行.

ENVIRONMENT(環(huán)境變量)

Mail 使用了 HOME 和 USER 環(huán)境變量.

FILES(相關(guān)文件)

/var/spool/mail/*: 郵局.
~/mbox: 用戶(hù)的老郵件.
~/.mailrc: 給定初始郵件命令的文件.
/tmp/R*: 臨時(shí)文件.
/usr/lib/mail.*help: 幫助文件.
/etc/mail.rc: 系統(tǒng)初始化文件.

NAME

mail - send and receive mail

SYNOPSIS

mail [-iInv ] [-s subject ] [-c cc-addr ] [-b bcc-addr ] to-addr...
mail [-iInNv -f ] [name ]
mail [-iInNv [-u user ] ]

INTRODUCTION

Mail is an intelligent mail processing system, which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed1 with lines replaced by messages.

-v: Verbose mode. The details of delivery are displayed on the user's terminal.
-i: Ignore tty interrupt signals. This is particularly useful when using mail on noisy phone lines.
-I: Forces mail to run in interactive mode even when input isn't a terminal. In particular, the `~ ' special character when sending mail is only active in interactive mode.
-n: Inhibits reading /etc/mail.rc upon startup.
-N: Inhibits the initial display of message headers when reading mail or editing a mail folder.
-s: Specify subject on command line (only the first argument after the -s flag is used as a subject; be careful to quote subjects containing spaces.)
-c: Send carbon copies to list of users.
-b: Send blind carbon copies to list List should be a comma-separated list of names.
-f: Read in the contents of your mbox (or the specified file) for processing; when you quit mail writes undeleted messages back to this file.
-u: Is equivalent to:
mail -f /var/spool/mail/user

Sending mail

To send a message to one or more people, mail can be invoked with arguments which are the names of people to whom the mail will be sent. You are then expected to type in your message, followed by an `control-D ' at the beginning of a line. The section below Replying to or originating mail describes some features of mail available to help you compose your letter.

Reading mail

In normal usage mail is given no arguments and checks your mail out of the post office, then prints out a one line header of each message found. The current message is initially the first message (numbered 1) and can be printed using the print command (which can be abbreviated `p ' ) . You can move among the messages much as you move between lines in ed1, with the commands `+ ' and `- ' moving backwards and forwards, and simple numbers.

Disposing of mail.

After examining a message you can delete `d ' ) the message or reply `r ' ) to it. Deletion causes the mail program to forget about the message. This is not irreversible; the message can be undeleted `u ' ) by giving its number, or the mail session can be aborted by giving the exit `x ' ) command. Deleted messages will, however, usually disappear never to be seen again.

Specifying messages

Commands such as print and delete can be given a list of message numbers as arguments to apply to a number of messages at once. Thus ``delete 1 2 '' deletes messages 1 and 2, while ``delete 1-5 '' deletes messages 1 through 5. The special name `* ' addresses all messages, and `$ ' addresses the last message; thus the command top which prints the first few lines of a message could be used in ``top * '' to print the first few lines of all messages.

Replying to or originating mail.

You can use the reply command to set up a response to a message, sending it back to the person who it was from. Text you then type in, up to an end-of-file, defines the contents of the message. While you are composing a message, mail treats lines beginning with the character `~ ' specially. For instance, typing `~m ' (alone on a line) will place a copy of the current message into the response right shifting it by a tabstop (see indentprefix variable, below). Other escapes will set up subject fields, add and delete recipients to the message and allow you to escape to an editor to revise the message or to a shell to run some commands. (These options are given in the summary below.)

Ending a mail processing session.

You can end a mail session with the quit `q ' ) command. Messages which have been examined go to your mbox file unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded. Unexamined messages go back to the post office. (See the -f option above).

Personal and systemwide distribution lists.

It is also possible to create a personal distribution lists so that, for instance, you can send mail to ``cohorts '' and have it go to a group of people. Such lists can be defined by placing a line like

alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcory

in the file .mailrc in your home directory. The current list of such aliases can be displayed with the alias command in mail System wide distribution lists can be created by editing /etc/aliases see aliases(5) and sendmail(8); these are kept in a different syntax. In mail you send, personal aliases will be expanded in mail sent to others so that they will be able to reply to the recipients. System wide aliases are not expanded when the mail is sent, but any reply returned to the machine will have the system wide alias expanded as all mail goes through sendmail.

Network mail (ARPA, UUCP, Berknet)

See mailaddr(7) for a description of network addresses.

Mail has a number of options which can be set in the .mailrc file to alter its behavior; thus ``set askcc '' enables the askcc feature. (These options are summarized below.)

SUMMARY

(Adapted from the `Mail Reference Manual')

Each command is typed on a line by itself, and may take arguments following the command word. The command need not be typed in its entirety - the first command which matches the typed prefix is used. For commands which take message lists as arguments, if no message list is given, then the next message forward which satisfies the command's requirements is used. If there are no messages forward of the current message, the search proceeds backwards, and if there are no good messages at all, mail types ``applicable messages '' and aborts the command.

-: Print out the preceding message. If given a numeric argument n goes to the n 'th previous message and prints it.
?: Prints a brief summary of commands.
!: Executes the shell (see sh(1) and csh(1)) command which follows.
Print: (P ) Like print but also prints out ignored header fields. See also print ignore and retain
Reply: (R ) Reply to originator. Does not reply to other recipients of the original message.
Type: (T ) Identical to the Print command.
alias: (a ) With no arguments, prints out all currently-defined aliases. With one argument, prints out that alias. With more than one argument, creates a new alias or changes an old one.
alternates: (alt ) The alternates command is useful if you have accounts on several machines. It can be used to inform mail that the listed addresses are really you. When you reply to messages, mail will not send a copy of the message to any of the addresses listed on the alternates list. If the alternates command is given with no argument, the current set of alternate names is displayed.
chdir: (c ) Changes the user's working directory to that specified, if given. If no directory is given, then changes to the user's login directory.
copy: (co ) The copy command does the same thing that save does, except that it does not mark the messages it is used on for deletion when you quit.
delete: (d ) Takes a list of messages as argument and marks them all as deleted. Deleted messages will not be saved in mbox nor will they be available for most other commands.
dp: (also dt Deletes the current message and prints the next message. If there is no next message, mail says ``at EOF ''
edit: (e ) Takes a list of messages and points the text editor at each one in turn. On return from the editor, the message is read back in.
exit: ( ex or x Effects an immediate return to the Shell without modifying the user's system mailbox, his mbox file, or his edit file in -f
file: (fi ) The same as folder
folders: List the names of the folders in your folder directory.
folder: (fo ) The folder command switches to a new mail file or folder. With no arguments, it tells you which file you are currently reading. If you give it an argument, it will write out changes (such as deletions) you have made in the current file and read in the new file. Some special conventions are recognized for the name. # means the previous file, % means your system mailbox, %user means user's system mailbox, & means your mbox file, and +folder means a file in your folder directory.
from: (f ) Takes a list of messages and prints their message headers.
headers: (h ) Lists the current range of headers, which is an 18-message group. If a `+' argument is given, then the next 18-message group is printed, and if a `-' argument is given, the previous 18-message group is printed.
help: A synonym for ?
hold: ( ho also preserve Takes a message list and marks each message therein to be saved in the user's system mailbox instead of in mbox Does not override the delete command.
ignore: Add the list of header fields named to the ignored list Header fields in the ignore list are not printed on your terminal when you print a message. This command is very handy for suppression of certain machine-generated header fields. The Type and Print commands can be used to print a message in its entirety, including ignored fields. If ignore is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of ignored fields.
mail: (m ) Takes as argument login names and distribution group names and sends mail to those people.
mbox: Indicate that a list of messages be sent to mbox in your home directory when you quit. This is the default action for messages if you do not have the hold option set.
next: (n ) like + or CR Goes to the next message in sequence and types it. With an argument list, types the next matching message.
preserve: (pre ) A synonym for hold
print: (p ) Takes a message list and types out each message on the user's terminal.
quit: (q ) Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved messages in the user's mbox file in his login directory, preserving all messages marked with hold or preserve or never referenced in his system mailbox, and removing all other messages from his system mailbox. If new mail has arrived during the session, the message ``You have new mail '' is given. If given while editing a mailbox file with the -f flag, then the edit file is rewritten. A return to the Shell is effected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails, in which case the user can escape with the exit command.
reply: (r ) Takes a message list and sends mail to the sender and all recipients of the specified message. The default message must not be deleted.
respond: A synonym for reply
retain: Add the list of header fields named to the retained list Only the header fields in the retain list are shown on your terminal when you print a message. All other header fields are suppressed. The Type and Print commands can be used to print a message in its entirety. If retain is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of retained fields.
save: (s ) Takes a message list and a filename and appends each message in turn to the end of the file. The filename in quotes, followed by the line count and character count is echoed on the user's terminal.
set: (se ) With no arguments, prints all variable values. Otherwise, sets option. Arguments are of the form option=value (no space before or after =) or option Quotation marks may be placed around any part of the assignment statement to quote blanks or tabs, i.e. ``set indentprefix=-> ''
saveignore: Saveignore is to save what ignore is to print and type Header fields thus marked are filtered out when saving a message by save or when automatically saving to mbox
saveretain: Saveretain is to save what retain is to print and type Header fields thus marked are the only ones saved with a message when saving by save or when automatically saving to mbox Saveretain overrides saveignore
shell: (sh ) Invokes an interactive version of the shell.
size: Takes a message list and prints out the size in characters of each message.
source: The source command reads commands from a file.
top: Takes a message list and prints the top few lines of each. The number of lines printed is controlled by the variable toplines and defaults to five.
type: (t ) A synonym for print
unalias: Takes a list of names defined by alias commands and discards the remembered groups of users. The group names no longer have any significance.
undelete: (u ) Takes a message list and marks each message as not being deleted.
unread: (U ) Takes a message list and marks each message as not having been read.
unset: Takes a list of option names and discards their remembered values; the inverse of set
visual: (v ) Takes a message list and invokes the display editor on each message.
write: (w ) Similar to save except that only the message body (without ) the header) is saved. Extremely useful for such tasks as sending and receiving source program text over the message system.
xit: (x ) A synonym for exit
z: Mail presents message headers in windowfuls as described under the headers command. You can move mail 's attention forward to the next window with the z command. Also, you can move to the previous window by using z-

Tilde/Escapes

Here is a summary of the tilde escapes, which are used when composing messages to perform special functions. Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginning of lines. The name ``tilde escape '' is somewhat of a misnomer since the actual escape character can be set by the option escape

~! command: Execute the indicated shell command, then return to the message.
~b name ...: Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients but do not make the names visible in the Cc: line ("blind" carbon copy).
~c name ...: Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients.
~d: Read the file ``dead.letter '' from your home directory into the message.
~e: Invoke the text editor on the message collected so far. After the editing session is finished, you may continue appending text to the message.
~f messages: Read the named messages into the message being sent. If no messages are specified, read in the current message. Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignore or retain command) are not included.
~F messages: Identical to ~f except all message headers are included.
~h: Edit the message header fields by typing each one in turn and allowing the user to append text to the end or modify the field by using the current terminal erase and kill characters.
~m messages: Read the named messages into the message being sent, indented by a tab or by the value of indentprefix If no messages are specified, read the current message. Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignore or retain command) are not included.
~M messages: Identical to ~m except all message headers are included.
~p: Print out the message collected so far, prefaced by the message header fields.
~q: Abort the message being sent, copying the message to ``dead.letter '' in your home directory if save is set.
~r filename: Read the named file into the message.
~s string: Cause the named string to become the current subject field.
~t name ...: Add the given names to the direct recipient list.
~v: Invoke an alternate editor (defined by the VISUAL option) on the message collected so far. Usually, the alternate editor will be a screen editor. After you quit the editor, you may resume appending text to the end of your message.
~w filename: Write the message onto the named file.
~| command: Pipe the message through the command as a filter. If the command gives no output or terminates abnormally, retain the original text of the message. The command fmt(1) is often used as command to rejustify the message.
~: mail-command: Execute the given mail command. Not all commands, however, are allowed.
~~ string: Insert the string of text in the message prefaced by a single ~. If you have changed the escape character, then you should double that character in order to send it.

Mail Options

Options are controlled via set and unset commands. Options may be either binary, in which case it is only significant to see whether they are set or not; or string, in which case the actual value is of interest. The binary options include the following:

append: Causes messages saved in mbox to be appended to the end rather than prepended. This should always be set (perhaps in /etc/mail.rc )
ask, asksub: Causes mail to prompt you for the subject of each message you send. If you respond with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent.
askcc: Causes you to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients at the end of each message. Responding with a newline indicates your satisfaction with the current list.
askbcc: Causes you to be prompted for additional blind carbon copy recipients at the end of each message. Responding with a newline indicates your satisfaction with the current list.
autoprint: Causes the delete command to behave like dp - thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typed automatically.
debug: Setting the binary option debug is the same as specifying -d on the command line and causes mail to output all sorts of information useful for debugging mail
dot: The binary option dot causes mail to interpret a period alone on a line as the terminator of a message you are sending.
hold: This option is used to hold messages in the system mailbox by default.
ignore: Causes interrupt signals from your terminal to be ignored and echoed as @'s.
ignoreeof: An option related to dot is ignoreeof which makes mail refuse to accept a control-d as the end of a message. Ignoreeof also applies to mail command mode.
metoo: Usually, when a group is expanded that contains the sender, the sender is removed from the expansion. Setting this option causes the sender to be included in the group.
noheader: Setting the option noheader is the same as giving the -N flag on the command line.
nosave: Normally, when you abort a message with two RUBOUT (erase or delete) mail copies the partial letter to the file ``dead.letter '' in your home directory. Setting the binary option nosave prevents this.
Replyall: Reverses the sense of reply and Reply commands.
quiet: Suppresses the printing of the version when first invoked.
searchheaders: If this option is set, then a message-list specifier in the form ``/x:y'' will expand to all messages containing the substring ``y'' in the header field ``x''. The string search is case insensitive.
verbose: Setting the option verbose is the same as using the -v flag on the command line. When mail runs in verbose mode, the actual delivery of messages is displayed on the user's terminal.

Option String Values

EDITOR: Pathname of the text editor to use in the edit command and ~e escape. If not defined, then a default editor is used.
LISTER: Pathname of the directory lister to use in the folders command. Default is /bin/ls
PAGER: Pathname of the program to use in the more command or when crt variable is set. The default paginator more(1) is used if this option is not defined.
SHELL: Pathname of the shell to use in the ! command and the ~! escape. A default shell is used if this option is not defined.
VISUAL: Pathname of the text editor to use in the visual command and ~v escape.
crt: The valued option crt is used as a threshold to determine how long a message must be before PAGER is used to read it. If crt is set without a value, then the height of the terminal screen stored in the system is used to compute the threshold (see stty(1)).
escape: If defined, the first character of this option gives the character to use in the place of ~ to denote escapes.
folder: The name of the directory to use for storing folders of messages. If this name begins with a `/', mail considers it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, the folder directory is found relative to your home directory.
MBOX: The name of the mbox file. It can be the name of a folder. The default is ``mbox '' in the user's home directory.
record: If defined, gives the pathname of the file used to record all outgoing mail. If not defined, then outgoing mail is not so saved.
indentprefix: String used by the ``~m'' tilde escape for indenting messages, in place of the normal tab character (^I). Be sure to quote the value if it contains spaces or tabs.
toplines: If defined, gives the number of lines of a message to be printed out with the top command; normally, the first five lines are printed.

ENVIRONMENT

Mail utilizes the HOME, USER, SHELL, DEAD, PAGER, LISTER, EDITOR, VISUAL and MBOX environment variables.

FILES

/var/spool/mail/*: Post office.
~/mbox: User's old mail.
~/.mailrc: File giving initial mail commands. Only used if the owner of the file is the user running this copy of mail.
/tmp/R*: Temporary files.
/usr/lib/mail.*help: Help files.
/etc/mail.rc: System initialization file.

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