wtmp 中文man頁面
NAME[名稱]
utmp, wtmp - 登 錄 記 錄(login records)
SYNOPSIS[總覽]
#include
DESCRIPTION[描述]
utmp 文 件 用 于 記 錄 當 前 系 統(tǒng) 用 戶 是 哪 些 人。 但 是 實 際 的 人 數(shù) 可 能 比 這 個 數(shù) 目 要 多 , 因 為 并 非 所 有 用 戶 都 用 utmp 登 錄。
警告: utmp 必 須 置 為 不 可 寫 , 因 為 很 多 系 統(tǒng) 程 序 ( 有 點 傻 的 那 種 ) 依 賴 于 它。 如 果 你 將 它 置 為 可 寫 , 其 他 用 戶 可 能 會 修 改 它 (//* 導 致 程 序 運 行 出 錯 ) 。 (//* (//* )中 為 譯 者 注)
文 件 中 是 一 些 條 目 的 列 表 , 條 目 的 結(jié) 構(gòu) ( 在 utmp.h 中 進 行 了 聲 明 ) 見 下 ( 注 意 這 里 只 列 出了 一 部 分 ; 細 節(jié) 依 libc 的 版 本 有 所 不 同 ):
#define UT_UNKNOWN 0 #define RUN_LVL 1 #define BOOT_TIME 2 #define NEW_TIME 3 #define OLD_TIME 4 #define INIT_PROCESS 5 #define LOGIN_PROCESS 6 #define USER_PROCESS 7 #define DEAD_PROCESS 8 #define ACCOUNTING 9 #define UT_LINESIZE 12 #define UT_NAMESIZE 32 #define UT_HOSTSIZE 256 struct exit_status { short int e_termination; /* process termination status. */ short int e_exit; /* process exit status. */ }; struct utmp { short ut_type; /* type of login */ pid_t ut_pid; /* pid of login process */ char ut_line[UT_LINESIZE]; /* device name of tty - "/dev/" */ char ut_id[4]; /* init id or abbrev. ttyname */ char ut_user[UT_NAMESIZE]; /* user name */ char ut_host[UT_HOSTSIZE]; /* hostname for remote login */ struct exit_status ut_exit; /* The exit status of a process marked as DEAD_PROCESS. */ long ut_session; /* session ID, used for windowing*/ struct timeval ut_tv; /* time entry was made. */ int32_t ut_addr_v6[4]; /* IP address of remote host. */ char pad[20]; /* Reserved for future use. */ }; /* Backwards compatibility hacks. */ #define ut_name ut_user #ifndef _NO_UT_TIME #define ut_time ut_tv.tv_sec #endif #define ut_xtime ut_tv.tv_sec #define ut_addr ut_addr_v6[0]
這 個 結(jié) 構(gòu) 給 出 了 與 用 戶 終 端 聯(lián) 系 的 文 件 , 用 戶 的 登 錄 名 , 記 錄 于 time(2) 表 中 的 登 錄 時 間 。 字 符 串 如 果 比 給 定 的 大 小 小 的 話 , 則 以 '\0' 結(jié) 束 之。
***個條目由 init(8) 執(zhí)行 inittab(5)而產(chǎn)生。然而,在產(chǎn)生條目以前, init(8) 先將 utmp 清空(通過設(shè)定 ut_type 為 DEAD_PROCESS來實現(xiàn). 當ut_type 不是 DEAD_PROCESS 或 RUN_LVL 并且不存在進程號為 ut_pid 的進程時,通過用空串清空 ut_user, ut_host 和 ut_time 來實現(xiàn)。如果不存在 ut_id 的空記錄, init(初始化時) 會創(chuàng)建一個。它將會依據(jù) inittab 來設(shè)置 ut_id , 設(shè)置 ut_pid 和 ut_time 為當前值,設(shè)置 ut_type 到 INIT_PROCESS.
getty(8) 依據(jù)進程號定位條目, 將 ut_type 改為 LOGIN_PROCESS, 改變 ut_time, 設(shè)定 ut_line ,然后等待連接建立。 login(8), 在鑒別完用戶后, 將 ut_type 改為 USER_PROCESS, 改變 ut_time 并設(shè)定 ut_host 和 ut_addr. 根據(jù) getty(8) 和 login(8)完成的功能, 可以用 ut_line 來定位記錄,雖然用 ut_pid 可能更好些。
當 init(8) 發(fā)現(xiàn)有進程存在時, 它通過 ut_pid 來定位它的 utmp 條目, 設(shè)定 ut_type 為 DEAD_PROCESS ,然后用零字節(jié)清空 ut_user, ut_host 和 ut_time 。
xterm(1) 和其他終端仿真器直接創(chuàng)建 USER_PROCESS 記錄并通過使用 /dev/ttyp%c 的***兩個字母或用 p%d (/dev/pts/%d)來產(chǎn)生 ut_id 。 如果它們找到這個 id 的 DEAD_PROCESS , 它們就使用它,否則就創(chuàng)建一個新的條目. 如果可能,它們將它標記為 DEAD_PROCESS 并將 ut_line, ut_time, ut_user 和 ut_host 置為 null。
xdm(8) 不會創(chuàng)建 utmp 記錄, 因為沒有終端與它相連. 試圖用它產(chǎn)生 utmp 記錄會引起如下錯誤:finger: can not stat /dev/machine.dom. 它應(yīng)該用于創(chuàng)建 wtmp 條目, 和 ftpd(8) 相似.
telnetd(8) 設(shè)定 LOGIN_PROCESS 條目并把其他的的留給 login(8) 去做。telnet 任務(wù)結(jié)束后, telnetd(8) cleans up utmp in the described way.(??)
wtmp 文件記錄了所有的登錄和退出。它的格式與 utmp 幾乎完全一樣(例外是:用空用戶名來表示在相關(guān)終端上的退出)。除此以外, 用終端名 "~" 和用戶名 "shutdown" 或 "reboot" 表示系統(tǒng)關(guān)機或重啟, the pair of terminal names "|"/"}" logs the old/new system time when date(1) changes it. wtmp 由 login(1), 和 init(1) 以及某些版本的 getty(1) 使用. 但是這些程序并不創(chuàng)建它,所以如果將它刪除的話您就得不到記錄了。
FILES[相關(guān)文件]
/var/run/utmp
/var/log/wtmp
CONFORMING TO[遵循]
Linux utmp 既不遵循 v7/BSD 也不遵循 SYSV: 它實際是兩者的混合. v7/BSD 中域比較少; 最重要的是它沒有 ut_type (ut_type 可以使本地的 v7/BSD-類的程序顯示(以次為例) dead 或 login 條目.而且,沒有為任務(wù)分配通道的文件. BSD 則相反(BSD does so), 因為它缺少的是 ut_id 域. 在 Linux 中(SYSV 中也一樣), 記錄的 ut_id 域一旦設(shè)定就不再改變,它保留通道而不需要什么配置文件. 清除 ut_id 可能會引起 race conditions 從而導致安全漏洞. 就 SYSV 的要求來講,用空字節(jié)填充的方式來清空上面提到的各個域不是必須的,但是這樣做使得運行采用 BSD 語法而又不改變 utmp 的程序成為可能. 正如上面所寫的,Linux 在句子中使用 BSD 的慣例.
SYSV 在句子中僅使用類型域去標識它們或是登錄信息(例如:. "new time"). UT_UNKNOWN 只在 Linux 中有. SYSV 沒有 ut_host 和 ut_addr_v6 域.
不象其它各種系統(tǒng), 您可以通過刪除文件來禁止 utmp , 在 Linux 中 utmp 必須一直存在. 如果你要禁止 who(1) 命令,您需要使整個 utmp 不可讀.
需要注意的是在 libc5 和 libc6 中 utmp 的結(jié)構(gòu)是不同的.因此使用舊結(jié)構(gòu)的程序會破壞 /var/run/utmp 和/or /var/log/wtmp. Debian 系統(tǒng)包含一個修補過的 libc5 它可以使用新的格式. 但對 wtmp, 問題依然存在因為它直接對 libc5 進行存取.
RESTRICTIONS[限制]
文件格式依機器而不同, 因此推薦的做法是:在創(chuàng)建它的機器上使用它.
BUGS[缺憾]
本手冊頁基于 libc5 , 現(xiàn)在可能情況已有不同了.
SEE ALSO[另見]
ac(1), date(1), getutent(3), init(8), last(1), login(1), updwtmp(3), who(1)
#p#
NAME
utmp, wtmp - login records
SYNOPSIS
#include <utmp.h>
DESCRIPTION
The utmp file allows one to discover information about who is currently using the system. There may be more users currently using the system, because not all programs use utmp logging.
Warning: utmp must not be writable, because many system programs (foolishly) depend on its integrity. You risk faked system logfiles and modifications of system files if you leave utmp writable to any user.
The file is a sequence of entries with the following structure declared in the include file (note that this is only one of several definitions around; details depend on the version of libc):
#define UT_UNKNOWN 0 #define RUN_LVL 1 #define BOOT_TIME 2 #define NEW_TIME 3 #define OLD_TIME 4 #define INIT_PROCESS 5 #define LOGIN_PROCESS 6 #define USER_PROCESS 7 #define DEAD_PROCESS 8 #define ACCOUNTING 9 #define UT_LINESIZE 12 #define UT_NAMESIZE 32 #define UT_HOSTSIZE 256 struct exit_status { short int e_termination; /* process termination status. */ short int e_exit; /* process exit status. */ }; struct utmp { short ut_type; /* type of login */ pid_t ut_pid; /* pid of login process */ char ut_line[UT_LINESIZE]; /* device name of tty - "/dev/" */ char ut_id[4]; /* init id or abbrev. ttyname */ char ut_user[UT_NAMESIZE]; /* user name */ char ut_host[UT_HOSTSIZE]; /* hostname for remote login */ struct exit_status ut_exit; /* The exit status of a process marked as DEAD_PROCESS. */ long ut_session; /* session ID, used for windowing*/ struct timeval ut_tv; /* time entry was made. */ int32_t ut_addr_v6[4]; /* IP address of remote host. */ char __unused[20]; /* Reserved for future use. */ }; /* Backwards compatibility hacks. */ #define ut_name ut_user #ifndef _NO_UT_TIME #define ut_time ut_tv.tv_sec #endif #define ut_xtime ut_tv.tv_sec #define ut_addr ut_addr_v6[0]
This structure gives the name of the special file associated with the user's terminal, the user's login name, and the time of login in the form of time(2). String fields are terminated by '\0' if they are shorter than the size of the field.
The first entries ever created result from init(8) processing inittab(5). Before an entry is processed, though, init(8) cleans up utmp by setting ut_type to DEAD_PROCESS, clearing ut_user, ut_host, and ut_time with null bytes for each record which ut_type is not DEAD_PROCESS or RUN_LVL and where no process with PID ut_pid exists. If no empty record with the needed ut_id can be found, init creates a new one. It sets ut_id from the inittab, ut_pid and ut_time to the current values, and ut_type to INIT_PROCESS.
getty(8) locates the entry by the pid, changes ut_type to LOGIN_PROCESS, changes ut_time, sets ut_line, and waits for connection to be established. login(8), after a user has been authenticated, changes ut_type to USER_PROCESS, changes ut_time, and sets ut_host and ut_addr. Depending on getty(8) and login(8), records may be located by ut_line instead of the preferable ut_pid.
When init(8) finds that a process has exited, it locates its utmp entry by ut_pid, sets ut_type to DEAD_PROCESS, and clears ut_user, ut_host and ut_time with null bytes.
xterm(1) and other terminal emulators directly create a USER_PROCESS record and generate the ut_id by using the last two letters of /dev/ttyp%c or by using p%d for /dev/pts/%d. If they find a DEAD_PROCESS for this id, they recycle it, otherwise they create a new entry. If they can, they will mark it as DEAD_PROCESS on exiting and it is advised that they null ut_line, ut_time, ut_user, and ut_host as well.
xdm(8) should not create a utmp record, because there is no assigned terminal. Letting it create one will result in errors, such as 'finger: cannot stat /dev/machine.dom'. It should create wtmp entries, though, just like ftpd(8) does.
telnetd(8) sets up a LOGIN_PROCESS entry and leaves the rest to login(8) as usual. After the telnet session ends, telnetd(8) cleans up utmp in the described way.
The wtmp file records all logins and logouts. Its format is exactly like utmp except that a null user name indicates a logout on the associated terminal. Furthermore, the terminal name ~ with user name shutdown or reboot indicates a system shutdown or reboot and the pair of terminal names |/} logs the old/new system time when date(1) changes it. wtmp is maintained by login(1), init(1), and some versions of getty(1). Neither of these programs creates the file, so if it is removed, record-keeping is turned off.
FILES
/var/run/utmp
/var/log/wtmp
CONFORMING TO
Linux utmp entries conform neither to v7/BSD nor to SYSV; they are a mix of the two. v7/BSD has fewer fields; most importantly it lacks ut_type, which causes native v7/BSD-like programs to display (for example) dead or login entries. Further, there is no configuration file which allocates slots to sessions. BSD does so because it lacks ut_id fields. In Linux (as in SYSV), the ut_id field of a record will never change once it has been set, which reserves that slot without needing a configuration file. Clearing ut_id may result in race conditions leading to corrupted utmp entries and and potential security holes. Clearing the above mentioned fields by filling them with null bytes is not required by SYSV semantics, but it allows to run many programs which assume BSD semantics and which do not modify utmp. Linux uses the BSD conventions for line contents, as documented above.
SYSV only uses the type field to mark them and logs informative messages such as e.g. "new time" in the line field. UT_UNKNOWN seems to be a Linux invention. SYSV has no ut_host or ut_addr_v6 fields.
Unlike various other systems, where utmp logging can be disabled by removing the file, utmp must always exist on Linux. If you want to disable who(1) then do not make utmp world readable.
Note that the utmp struct from libc5 has changed in libc6. Because of this, binaries using the old libc5 struct will corrupt /var/run/utmp and/or /var/log/wtmp. Debian systems include a patched libc5 which uses the new utmp format. The problem still exists with wtmp since it's accessed directly in libc5.
RESTRICTIONS
The file format is machine dependent, so it is recommended that it be processed only on the machine architecture where it was created.
BUGS
This manpage is based on the libc5 one, things may work differently now.
SEE ALSO
ac(1), date(1), getutent(3), init(8), last(1), login(1), updwtmp(3), who(1)