Android性能優(yōu)化之電量篇
Google近期在Udacity上發(fā)布了Android性能優(yōu)化的在線課程,分別從渲染,運算與內(nèi)存,電量幾個方面介紹了如何去優(yōu)化性能,這些課程是Google之前在Youtube上發(fā)布的Android性能優(yōu)化典范專題課程的細(xì)化與補(bǔ)充。
下面是電量篇章的學(xué)習(xí)筆記,部分內(nèi)容與前面的性能優(yōu)化典范有重合,歡迎大家一起學(xué)習(xí)交流!
1)Understanding Battery Drain
手機(jī)各個硬件模塊的耗電量是不一樣的,有些模塊非常耗電,而有些模塊則相對顯得耗電量小很多。
電量消耗的計算與統(tǒng)計是一件麻煩而且矛盾的事情,記錄電量消耗本身也是一個費電量的事情。唯一可行的方案是使用第三方監(jiān)測電量的設(shè)備,這樣才能夠獲取到真實的電量消耗。
當(dāng)設(shè)備處于待機(jī)狀態(tài)時消耗的電量是極少的,以N5為例,打開飛行模式,可以待機(jī)接近1個月??墒屈c亮屏幕,硬件各個模塊就需要開始工作,這會需要消耗很多電量。
使用WakeLock或者JobScheduler喚醒設(shè)備處理定時的任務(wù)之后,一定要及時讓設(shè)備回到初始狀態(tài)。每次喚醒蜂窩信號進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳遞,都會消耗很多電量,它比WiFi等操作更加的耗電。
2)Battery Historian
Battery Historian是Android 5.0開始引入的新API。通過下面的指令,可以得到設(shè)備上的電量消耗信息:
- $ adb shell dumpsys batterystats > xxx.txt //得到整個設(shè)備的電量消耗信息
- $ adb shell dumpsys batterystats > com.package.name > xxx.txt //得到指定app相關(guān)的電量消耗信息
得到了原始的電量消耗數(shù)據(jù)之后,我們需要通過Google編寫的一個python腳本把數(shù)據(jù)信息轉(zhuǎn)換成可讀性更好的html文件:
- $ python historian.py xxx.txt > xxx.html
打開這個轉(zhuǎn)換過后的html文件,可以看到類似TraceView生成的列表數(shù)據(jù),這里的數(shù)據(jù)信息量很大,這里就不展開了。
3)Track Battery Status & Battery Manager
我們可以通過下面的代碼來獲取手機(jī)的當(dāng)前充電狀態(tài):
- // It is very easy to subscribe to changes to the battery state, but you can get the current
- // state by simply passing null in as your receiver. Nifty, isn't that?
- IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED);
- Intent batteryStatus = this.registerReceiver(null, filter);
- int chargePlug = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_PLUGGED, -1);
- boolean acCharge = (chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_AC);
- if (acCharge) {
- Log.v(LOG_TAG,“The phone is charging!”);
- }
在上面的例子演示了如何立即獲取到手機(jī)的充電狀態(tài),得到充電狀態(tài)信息之后,我們可以有針對性的對部分代碼做優(yōu)化。比如我們可以判斷只有當(dāng)前手機(jī)為AC充電狀態(tài)時 才去執(zhí)行一些非常耗電的操作。
- /**
- * This method checks for power by comparing the current battery state against all possible
- * plugged in states. In this case, a device may be considered plugged in either by USB, AC, or
- * wireless charge. (Wireless charge was introduced in API Level 17.)
- */
- private boolean checkForPower() {
- // It is very easy to subscribe to changes to the battery state, but you can get the current
- // state by simply passing null in as your receiver. Nifty, isn't that?
- IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED);
- Intent batteryStatus = this.registerReceiver(null, filter);
- // There are currently three ways a device can be plugged in. We should check them all.
- int chargePlug = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_PLUGGED, -1);
- boolean usbCharge = (chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_USB);
- boolean acCharge = (chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_AC);
- boolean wirelessCharge = false;
- if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR1) {
- wirelessCharge = (chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_WIRELESS);
- }
- return (usbCharge || acCharge || wirelessCharge);
- }
4)Wakelock and Battery Drain
高效的保留更多的電量與不斷促使用戶使用你的App會消耗電量,這是矛盾的選擇題。不過我們可以使用一些更好的辦法來平衡兩者。
假設(shè)你的手機(jī)里面裝了大量的社交類應(yīng)用,即使手機(jī)處于待機(jī)狀態(tài),也會經(jīng)常被這些應(yīng)用喚醒用來檢查同步新的數(shù)據(jù)信息。Android會不斷關(guān)閉各種硬件來延長手機(jī)的待機(jī)時間,首先屏幕會逐漸變暗直至關(guān)閉,然后CPU進(jìn)入睡眠,這一切操作都是為了節(jié)約寶貴的電量資源。但是即使在這種睡眠狀態(tài)下,大多數(shù)應(yīng)用還是會嘗試進(jìn)行工作,他們將不斷的喚醒手機(jī)。一個最簡單的喚醒手機(jī)的方法是使用PowerManager.WakeLock的API來保持CPU工作并防止屏幕變暗關(guān)閉。這使得手機(jī)可以被喚醒,執(zhí)行工作,然后回到睡眠狀態(tài)。知道如何獲取WakeLock是簡單的,可是及時釋放WakeLock也是非常重要的,不恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂肳akeLock會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重錯誤。例如網(wǎng)絡(luò)請求的數(shù)據(jù)返回時間不確定,導(dǎo)致本來只需要10s的事情一直等待了1個小時,這樣會使得電量白白浪費了。這也是為何使用帶超時參數(shù)的wakelock.acquice()方法是很關(guān)鍵的。
但是僅僅設(shè)置超時并不足夠解決問題,例如設(shè)置多長的超時比較合適?什么時候進(jìn)行重試等等?解決上面的問題,正確的方式可能是使用非精準(zhǔn)定時器。通常情況下,我們會設(shè)定一個時間進(jìn)行某個操作,但是動態(tài)修改這個時間也許會更好。例如,如果有另外一個程序需要比你設(shè)定的時間晚5分鐘喚醒,***能夠等到那個時候,兩個任務(wù)捆綁一起同時進(jìn)行,這就是非精確定時器的核心工作原理。我們可以定制計劃的任務(wù),可是系統(tǒng)如果檢測到一個更好的時間,它可以推遲你的任務(wù),以節(jié)省電量消耗。
這正是JobScheduler API所做的事情。它會根據(jù)當(dāng)前的情況與任務(wù),組合出理想的喚醒時間,例如等到正在充電或者連接到WiFi的時候,或者集中任務(wù)一起執(zhí)行。我們可以通過這個API實現(xiàn)很多免費的調(diào)度算法。
5)Network and Battery Drain
下面內(nèi)容來自官方Training文檔中高效下載章節(jié)關(guān)于手機(jī)(Radio)蜂窩信號對電量消耗的介紹。
通常情況下,使用3G移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸數(shù)據(jù),電量的消耗有三種狀態(tài):
Full power: 能量***的狀態(tài),移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接被激活,允許設(shè)備以***的傳輸速率進(jìn)行操作。
Low power: 一種中間狀態(tài),對電量的消耗差不多是Full power狀態(tài)下的50%。
Standby: ***的狀態(tài),沒有數(shù)據(jù)連接需要傳輸,電量消耗最少。
下圖是一個典型的3G Radio State Machine的圖示
總之,為了減少電量的消耗,在蜂窩移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)下,***做到批量執(zhí)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)請求,盡量避免頻繁的間隔網(wǎng)絡(luò)請求。
通過前面學(xué)習(xí)到的Battery Historian我們可以得到設(shè)備的電量消耗數(shù)據(jù),如果數(shù)據(jù)中的移動蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Mobile Radio)電量消耗呈現(xiàn)下面的情況,間隔很小,又頻繁斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的出現(xiàn),說明電量消耗性能很不好:
經(jīng)過優(yōu)化之后,如果呈現(xiàn)下面的圖示,說明電量消耗的性能是良好的:
另外WiFi連接下,網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸?shù)碾娏肯囊纫苿泳W(wǎng)絡(luò)少很多,應(yīng)該盡量減少移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)下的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,多在WiFi環(huán)境下傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。
那么如何才能夠把任務(wù)緩存起來,做到批量化執(zhí)行呢?下面就輪到Job Scheduler出場了。
6)Using Job Scheduler
使用Job Scheduler,應(yīng)用需要做的事情就是判斷哪些任務(wù)是不緊急的,可以交給Job Scheduler來處理,Job Scheduler集中處理收到的任務(wù),選擇合適的時間,合適的網(wǎng)絡(luò),再一起進(jìn)行執(zhí)行。
下面是使用Job Scheduler的一段簡要示例,需要先有一個JobService:
- public class MyJobService extends JobService {
- private static final String LOG_TAG = "MyJobService";
- @Override
- public void onCreate() {
- super.onCreate();
- Log.i(LOG_TAG, "MyJobService created");
- }
- @Override
- public void onDestroy() {
- super.onDestroy();
- Log.i(LOG_TAG, "MyJobService destroyed");
- }
- @Override
- public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
- // This is where you would implement all of the logic for your job. Note that this runs
- // on the main thread, so you will want to use a separate thread for asynchronous work
- // (as we demonstrate below to establish a network connection).
- // If you use a separate thread, return true to indicate that you need a "reschedule" to
- // return to the job at some point in the future to finish processing the work. Otherwise,
- // return false when finished.
- Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Totally and completely working on job " + params.getJobId());
- // First, check the network, and then attempt to connect.
- if (isNetworkConnected()) {
- new SimpleDownloadTask() .execute(params);
- return true;
- } else {
- Log.i(LOG_TAG, "No connection on job " + params.getJobId() + "; sad face");
- }
- return false;
- }
- @Override
- public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
- // Called if the job must be stopped before jobFinished() has been called. This may
- // happen if the requirements are no longer being met, such as the user no longer
- // connecting to WiFi, or the device no longer being idle. Use this callback to resolve
- // anything that may cause your application to misbehave from the job being halted.
- // Return true if the job should be rescheduled based on the retry criteria specified
- // when the job was created or return false to drop the job. Regardless of the value
- // returned, your job must stop executing.
- Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Whelp, something changed, so I'm calling it on job " + params.getJobId());
- return false;
- }
- /**
- * Determines if the device is currently online.
- */
- private boolean isNetworkConnected() {
- ConnectivityManager connectivityManager =
- (ConnectivityManager) getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
- NetworkInfo networkInfo = connectivityManager.getActiveNetworkInfo();
- return (networkInfo != null && networkInfo.isConnected());
- }
- /**
- * Uses AsyncTask to create a task away from the main UI thread. This task creates a
- * HTTPUrlConnection, and then downloads the contents of the webpage as an InputStream.
- * The InputStream is then converted to a String, which is logged by the
- * onPostExecute() method.
- */
- private class SimpleDownloadTask extends AsyncTask<JobParameters, Void, String> {
- protected JobParameters mJobParam;
- @Override
- protected String doInBackground(JobParameters... params) {
- // cache system provided job requirements
- mJobParam = params[0];
- try {
- InputStream is = null;
- // Only display the first 50 characters of the retrieved web page content.
- int len = 50;
- URL url = new URL("https://www.google.com");
- HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
- conn.setReadTimeout(10000); //10sec
- conn.setConnectTimeout(15000); //15sec
- conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
- //Starts the query
- conn.connect();
- int response = conn.getResponseCode();
- Log.d(LOG_TAG, "The response is: " + response);
- is = conn.getInputStream();
- // Convert the input stream to a string
- Reader reader = null;
- reader = new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8");
- char[] buffer = new char[len];
- reader.read(buffer);
- return new String(buffer);
- } catch (IOException e) {
- return "Unable to retrieve web page.";
- }
- }
- @Override
- protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
- jobFinished(mJobParam, false);
- Log.i(LOG_TAG, result);
- }
- }
- }
然后模擬通過點擊Button觸發(fā)N個任務(wù),交給JobService來處
- public class FreeTheWakelockActivity extends ActionBarActivity {
- public static final String LOG_TAG = "FreeTheWakelockActivity";
- TextView mWakeLockMsg;
- ComponentName mServiceComponent;
- @Override
- protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- setContentView(R.layout.activity_wakelock);
- mWakeLockMsg = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.wakelock_txt);
- mServiceComponent = new ComponentName(this, MyJobService.class);
- Intent startServiceIntent = new Intent(this, MyJobService.class);
- startService(startServiceIntent);
- Button theButtonThatWakelocks = (Button) findViewById(R.id.wakelock_poll);
- theButtonThatWakelocks.setText(R.string.poll_server_button);
- theButtonThatWakelocks.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
- @Override
- public void onClick(View v) {
- pollServer();
- }
- });
- }
- /**
- * This method polls the server via the JobScheduler API. By scheduling the job with this API,
- * your app can be confident it will execute, but without the need for a wake lock. Rather, the
- * API will take your network jobs and execute them in batch to best take advantage of the
- * initial network connection cost.
- *
- * The JobScheduler API works through a background service. In this sample, we have
- * a simple service in MyJobService to get you started. The job is scheduled here in
- * the activity, but the job itself is executed in MyJobService in the startJob() method. For
- * example, to poll your server, you would create the network connection, send your GET
- * request, and then process the response all in MyJobService. This allows the JobScheduler API
- * to invoke your logic without needed to restart your activity.
- *
- * For brevity in the sample, we are scheduling the same job several times in quick succession,
- * but again, try to consider similar tasks occurring over time in your application that can
- * afford to wait and may benefit from batching.
- */
- public void pollServer() {
- JobScheduler scheduler = (JobScheduler) getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
- for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
- JobInfo jobInfo = new JobInfo.Builder(i, mServiceComponent)
- .setMinimumLatency(5000) // 5 seconds
- .setOverrideDeadline(60000) // 60 seconds (for brevity in the sample)
- .setRequiredNetworkType(JobInfo.NETWORK_TYPE_ANY) // WiFi or data connections
- .build();
- mWakeLockMsg.append("Scheduling job " + i + "!\n");
- scheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
- }
- }
- }