Bash腳本中如何使用here文檔將數(shù)據(jù)寫入文件
(LCTT 譯注:here 文檔又稱作 heredoc )不是什么特殊的東西,只是一種 I/O 重定向方式,它告訴 bash shell 從當(dāng)前源讀取輸入,直到讀取到只有分隔符的行。
這對(duì)于向 ftp、cat、echo、ssh 和許多其他有用的 Linux/Unix 命令提供指令很有用。 此功能適用于 bash 也適用于 Bourne、Korn、POSIX 這三種 shell。
here 文檔語(yǔ)法
語(yǔ)法是:
command <<EOF
cmd1
cmd2 arg1
EOF
或者允許 shell 腳本中的 here 文檔使用 EOF<<-
以自然的方式縮進(jìn):
command <<-EOF
msg1
msg2
$var on line
EOF
或者
command <<'EOF'
cmd1
cmd2 arg1
$var won't expand as parameter substitution turned off
by single quoting
EOF
或者 重定向并將其覆蓋 到名為 my_output_file.txt
的文件中:
command <<EOF > my_output_file.txt
mesg1
msg2
msg3
$var on $foo
EOF
或重定向并將其追加到名為 my_output_file.txt
的文件中:
command <<EOF >> my_output_file.txt
mesg1
msg2
msg3
$var on $foo
EOF
示例
以下腳本將所需內(nèi)容寫入名為 /tmp/output.txt
的文件中:
#!/bin/bash
OUT=/tmp/output.txt
echo "Starting my script..."
echo "Doing something..."
cat <<EOF >$OUT
Status of backup as on $(date)
Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
EOF
echo "Starting backup using rsync..."
你可以使用cat命令查看/tmp/output.txt文件:
$ cat /tmp/output.txt
示例輸出:
Status of backup as on Thu Nov 16 17:00:21 IST 2017
Backing up files /home/vivek and /etc/
禁用路徑名/參數(shù)/變量擴(kuò)展、命令替換、算術(shù)擴(kuò)展
像 $HOME
這類變量和像 $(date)
這類命令在腳本中會(huì)被解釋為替換。 要禁用它,請(qǐng)使用帶有 'EOF'
這樣帶有單引號(hào)的形式,如下所示:
#!/bin/bash
OUT=/tmp/output.txt
echo "Starting my script..."
echo "Doing something..."
# No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on word.
# If any part of word is quoted, the delimiter is the result of quote removal on word, and the lines in the here-document
# are not expanded. So EOF is quoted as follows
cat <<'EOF' >$OUT
Status of backup as on $(date)
Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
EOF
echo "Starting backup using rsync..."
你可以使用 cat 命令查看 /tmp/output.txt
文件:
$ cat /tmp/output.txt
示例輸出:
Status of backup as on $(date)
Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
關(guān)于 tee 命令的使用
語(yǔ)法是:
tee /tmp/filename <<EOF >/dev/null
line 1
line 2
line 3
$(cmd)
$var on $foo
EOF
或者通過(guò)在單引號(hào)中引用 EOF
來(lái)禁用變量替換和命令替換:
tee /tmp/filename <<'EOF' >/dev/null
line 1
line 2
line 3
$(cmd)
$var on $foo
EOF
這是我更新的腳本:
#!/bin/bash
OUT=/tmp/output.txt
echo "Starting my script..."
echo "Doing something..."
tee $OUT <<EOF >/dev/null
Status of backup as on $(date)
Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
EOF
echo "Starting backup using rsync..."
關(guān)于內(nèi)存 here 文檔的使用
這是我更新的腳本:
#!/bin/bash
OUT=/tmp/output.txt
## in memory here docs
## thanks https://twitter.com/freebsdfrau
exec 9<<EOF
Status of backup as on $(date)
Backing up files $HOME and /etc/
EOF
## continue
echo "Starting my script..."
echo "Doing something..."
## do it
cat <&9 >$OUT
echo "Starting backup using rsync..."