線程池原理詳解及如何用C語言實(shí)現(xiàn)線程池
線程池是一種多線程處理形式,大多用于高并發(fā)服務(wù)器上,它能合理有效的利用高并發(fā)服務(wù)器上的線程資源;線程與進(jìn)程用于處理各項(xiàng)分支子功能,我們通常的操作是:接收消息 ==> 消息分類 ==> 線程創(chuàng)建 ==> 傳遞消息到子線程 ==> 線程分離 ==> 在子線程中執(zhí)行任務(wù) ==> 任務(wù)結(jié)束退出;
對大多數(shù)小型局域網(wǎng)的通信來說,上述方法足夠滿足需求;但當(dāng)我們的通信范圍擴(kuò)大到廣域網(wǎng)或大型局域網(wǎng)通信中時,我們將面臨大量消息頻繁請求服務(wù)器;在這種情況下,創(chuàng)建與銷毀線程都已經(jīng)成為一種奢侈的開銷,特別對于嵌入式服務(wù)器來說更應(yīng)保證內(nèi)存資源的合理利用;
因此,線程池技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生;線程池允許一個線程可以多次復(fù)用,且每次復(fù)用的線程內(nèi)部的消息處理可以不相同,將創(chuàng)建與銷毀的開銷省去而不必來一個請求開一個線程;
結(jié)構(gòu)講解:
線程池是一個抽象的概念,其內(nèi)部由任務(wù)隊列,一堆線程,管理者線程組成;

我們將以上圖為例,實(shí)現(xiàn)一個最基礎(chǔ)的線程池,接下來將分部分依次講解;講解順序?yàn)椋?.線程池總體結(jié)構(gòu) 2.線程數(shù)組 3.任務(wù)隊列 4.管理者線程 5.使用線程池接口的例子
一、線程池總體結(jié)構(gòu)
這里講解線程池在邏輯上的結(jié)構(gòu)體;看下方代碼,該結(jié)構(gòu)體threadpool_t中包含線程池狀態(tài)信息,任務(wù)隊列信息以及多線程操作中的互斥鎖;在任務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)體中包含了一個可以放置多種不同任務(wù)函數(shù)的函數(shù)指針,一個傳入該任務(wù)函數(shù)的void*類型的參數(shù);
注意:在使用時需要將你的消息分類處理函數(shù)裝入任務(wù)的(*function);然后放置到任務(wù)隊列并通知空閑線程;
線程池狀態(tài)信息:描述當(dāng)前線程池的基本信息,如是否開啟、最小線程數(shù)、最大線程數(shù)、存活線程數(shù)、忙線程數(shù)、待銷毀線程數(shù)等… …
任務(wù)隊列信息:描述當(dāng)前任務(wù)隊列基本信息,如最大任務(wù)數(shù)、隊列不為滿條件變量、隊列不為空條件變量等… …
多線程互斥鎖:保證在同一時間點(diǎn)上只有一個線程在任務(wù)隊列中取任務(wù)并修改任務(wù)隊列信息、修改線程池信息;
函數(shù)指針:在打包消息階段,將分類后的消息處理函數(shù)放在(*function);
void*類型參數(shù):用于傳遞消息處理函數(shù)需要的信息;
- /*任務(wù)*/
- typedef struct {
- void *(*function)(void *);
- void *arg;
- } threadpool_task_t;
- /*線程池管理*/
- struct threadpool_t{
- pthread_mutex_t lock; /* 鎖住整個結(jié)構(gòu)體 */
- pthread_mutex_t thread_counter; /* 用于使用忙線程數(shù)時的鎖 */
- pthread_cond_t queue_not_full; /* 條件變量,任務(wù)隊列不為滿 */
- pthread_cond_t queue_not_empty; /* 任務(wù)隊列不為空 */
- pthread_t *threads; /* 存放線程的tid,實(shí)際上就是管理了線 數(shù)組 */
- pthread_t admin_tid; /* 管理者線程tid */
- threadpool_task_t *task_queue; /* 任務(wù)隊列 */
- /*線程池信息*/
- int min_thr_num; /* 線程池中最小線程數(shù) */
- int max_thr_num; /* 線程池中最大線程數(shù) */
- int live_thr_num; /* 線程池中存活的線程數(shù) */
- int busy_thr_num; /* 忙線程,正在工作的線程 */
- int wait_exit_thr_num; /* 需要銷毀的線程數(shù) */
- /*任務(wù)隊列信息*/
- int queue_front; /* 隊頭 */
- int queue_rear; /* 隊尾 */
- int queue_size;
- /* 存在的任務(wù)數(shù) */
- int queue_max_size; /* 隊列能容納的最大任務(wù)數(shù) */
- /*線程池狀態(tài)*/
- int shutdown; /* true為關(guān)閉 */
- };
- **/*創(chuàng)建線程池*/**
- threadpool_t *
- threadpool_create(int min_thr_num, int max_thr_num, int queue_max_size)
- { /* 最小線程數(shù) 最大線程數(shù) 最大任務(wù)數(shù)*/
- int i;
- threadpool_t *pool = NULL;
- do
- {
- /* 線程池空間開辟 */
- if ((pool=(threadpool_t *)malloc(sizeof(threadpool_t))) == NULL)
- {
- printf("malloc threadpool false; \n");
- break;
- }
- /*信息初始化*/
- pool->min_thr_num = min_thr_num;
- pool->max_thr_num = max_thr_num;
- pool->busy_thr_num = 0;
- pool->live_thr_num = min_thr_num;
- pool->wait_exit_thr_num = 0;
- pool->queue_front = 0;
- pool->queue_rear = 0;
- pool->queue_size = 0;
- pool->queue_max_size = queue_max_size;
- pool->shutdown = false;
- /* 根據(jù)最大線程數(shù),給工作線程數(shù)組開空間,清0 */
- pool->threads = (pthread_t *)malloc(sizeof(pthread_t)*max_thr_num);
- if (pool->threads == NULL)
- {
- printf("malloc threads false;\n");
- break;
- }
- memset(pool->threads, 0, sizeof(pthread_t)*max_thr_num);
- /* 隊列開空間 */
- pool->task_queue =
- (threadpool_task_t *)malloc(sizeof(threadpool_task_t)*queue_max_size);
- if (pool->task_queue == NULL)
- {
- printf("malloc task queue false;\n");
- break;
- }
- /* 初始化互斥鎖和條件變量 */
- if ( pthread_mutex_init(&(pool->lock), NULL) != 0 ||
- pthread_mutex_init(&(pool->thread_counter), NULL) !=0 ||
- pthread_cond_init(&(pool->queue_not_empty), NULL) !=0 ||
- pthread_cond_init(&(pool->queue_not_full), NULL) !=0)
- {
- printf("init lock or cond false;\n");
- break;
- }
- /* 啟動min_thr_num個工作線程 */
- for (i=0; i<min_thr_num; i++)
- {
- /* pool指向當(dāng)前線程池 threadpool_thread函數(shù)在后面講解 */
- pthread_create(&(pool->threads[i]), NULL, threadpool_thread, (void *)pool);
- printf("start thread 0x%x... \n", (unsigned int)pool->threads[i]);
- }
- /* 管理者線程 admin_thread函數(shù)在后面講解 */
- pthread_create(&(pool->admin_tid), NULL, admin_thread, (void *)pool);
- return pool;
- } while(0);
- /* 釋放pool的空間 */
- threadpool_free(pool);
- return NULL;
- }
二、線程數(shù)組
線程數(shù)組實(shí)際上是在線程池初始化時開辟的一段存放一堆線程tid的空間,在邏輯上形成一個池,里面放置著提前創(chuàng)建的線程;這段空間中包含了正在工作的線程,等待工作的線程(空閑線程),等待被銷毀的線程,申明但沒有初始化的線程空間;

- /*工作線程*/
- void *
- threadpool_thread(void *threadpool)
- {
- threadpool_t *pool = (threadpool_t *)threadpool;
- threadpool_task_t task;
- while (true)
- {
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
- /* 無任務(wù)則阻塞在 “任務(wù)隊列不為空” 上,有任務(wù)則跳出 */
- while ((pool->queue_size == 0) && (!pool->shutdown))
- {
- printf("thread 0x%x is waiting \n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
- pthread_cond_wait(&(pool->queue_not_empty), &(pool->lock));
- /* 判斷是否需要清除線程,自殺功能 */
- if (pool->wait_exit_thr_num > 0)
- {
- pool->wait_exit_thr_num--;
- /* 判斷線程池中的線程數(shù)是否大于最小線程數(shù),是則結(jié)束當(dāng)前線程 */
- if (pool->live_thr_num > pool->min_thr_num)
- {
- printf("thread 0x%x is exiting \n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
- pool->live_thr_num--;
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- pthread_exit(NULL);//結(jié)束線程
- }
- }
- }
- /* 線程池開關(guān)狀態(tài) */
- if (pool->shutdown) //關(guān)閉線程池
- {
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- printf("thread 0x%x is exiting \n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
- pthread_exit(NULL); //線程自己結(jié)束自己
- }
- //否則該線程可以拿出任務(wù)
- task.function = pool->task_queue[pool->queue_front].function; //出隊操作
- task.arg = pool->task_queue[pool->queue_front].arg;
- pool->queue_front = (pool->queue_front + 1) % pool->queue_max_size; //環(huán)型結(jié)構(gòu)
- pool->queue_size--;
- //通知可以添加新任務(wù)
- pthread_cond_broadcast(&(pool->queue_not_full));
- //釋放線程鎖
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- //執(zhí)行剛才取出的任務(wù)
- printf("thread 0x%x start working \n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter)); //鎖住忙線程變量
- pool->busy_thr_num++;
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
- (*(task.function))(task.arg); //執(zhí)行任務(wù)
- //任務(wù)結(jié)束處理
- printf("thread 0x%x end working \n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
- pool->busy_thr_num--;
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
- }
- pthread_exit(NULL);
- }
三、任務(wù)隊列
任務(wù)隊列的存在形式與線程數(shù)組相似;在線程池初始化時根據(jù)傳入的最大任務(wù)數(shù)開辟空間;當(dāng)服務(wù)器前方后請求到來后,分類并打包消息成為任務(wù),將任務(wù)放入任務(wù)隊列并通知空閑線程來取;不同之處在于任務(wù)隊列有明顯的先后順序,先進(jìn)先出;而線程數(shù)組中的線程則是一個競爭關(guān)系去拿到互斥鎖爭取任務(wù);

- /*向線程池的任務(wù)隊列中添加一個任務(wù)*/
- int
- threadpool_add_task(threadpool_t *pool, void *(*function)(void *arg), void *arg)
- {
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
- /*如果隊列滿了,調(diào)用wait阻塞*/
- while ((pool->queue_size == pool->queue_max_size) && (!pool->shutdown))
- pthread_cond_wait(&(pool->queue_not_full), &(pool->lock));
- /*如果線程池處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)*/
- if (pool->shutdown)
- {
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- return -1;
- }
- /*清空工作線程的回調(diào)函數(shù)的參數(shù)arg*/
- if (pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg != NULL)
- {
- free(pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg);
- pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg = NULL;
- }
- /*添加任務(wù)到任務(wù)隊列*/
- pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].function = function;
- pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg = arg;
- pool->queue_rear = (pool->queue_rear + 1) % pool->queue_max_size; /* 邏輯環(huán) */
- pool->queue_size++;
- /*添加完任務(wù)后,隊列就不為空了,喚醒線程池中的一個線程*/
- pthread_cond_signal(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- return 0;
- }
四、管理者線程
作為線程池的管理者,該線程的主要功能包括:檢查線程池內(nèi)線程的存活狀態(tài),工作狀態(tài);負(fù)責(zé)根據(jù)服務(wù)器當(dāng)前的請求狀態(tài)去動態(tài)的增加或刪除線程,保證線程池中的線程數(shù)量維持在一個合理高效的平衡上;
說到底,它就是一個單獨(dú)的線程,定時的去檢查,根據(jù)我們的一個維持平衡算法去增刪線程;
- /*管理線程*/
- void *
- admin_thread(void *threadpool)
- {
- int i;
- threadpool_t *pool = (threadpool_t *)threadpool;
- while (!pool->shutdown)
- {
- printf("admin -----------------\n");
- sleep(DEFAULT_TIME); /*隔一段時間再管理*/
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock)); /*加鎖*/
- int queue_size = pool->queue_size; /*任務(wù)數(shù)*/
- int live_thr_num = pool->live_thr_num; /*存活的線程數(shù)*/
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock)); /*解鎖*/
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
- int busy_thr_num = pool->busy_thr_num; /*忙線程數(shù)*/
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
- printf("admin busy live -%d--%d-\n", busy_thr_num, live_thr_num);
- /*創(chuàng)建新線程 實(shí)際任務(wù)數(shù)量大于 最小正在等待的任務(wù)數(shù)量,存活線程數(shù)小于最大線程數(shù)*/
- if (queue_size >= MIN_WAIT_TASK_NUM && live_thr_num <= pool->max_thr_num)
- {
- printf("admin add-----------\n");
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
- int add=0;
- /*一次增加 DEFAULT_THREAD_NUM 個線程*/
- for (i=0; i<pool->max_thr_num && add<DEFAULT_THREAD_NUM
- && pool->live_thr_num < pool->max_thr_num; i++)
- {
- if (pool->threads[i] == 0 || !is_thread_alive(pool->threads[i]))
- {
- pthread_create(&(pool->threads[i]), NULL, threadpool_thread, (void *)pool);
- add++;
- pool->live_thr_num++;
- printf("new thread -----------------------\n");
- }
- }
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- }
- /*銷毀多余的線程 忙線程x2 都小于 存活線程,并且存活的大于最小線程數(shù)*/
- if ((busy_thr_num*2) < live_thr_num && live_thr_num > pool->min_thr_num)
- {
- // printf("admin busy --%d--%d----\n", busy_thr_num, live_thr_num);
- /*一次銷毀DEFAULT_THREAD_NUM個線程*/
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
- pool->wait_exit_thr_num = DEFAULT_THREAD_NUM;
- pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
- for (i=0; i<DEFAULT_THREAD_NUM; i++)
- {
- //通知正在處于空閑的線程,自殺
- pthread_cond_signal(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
- printf("admin cler --\n");
- }
- }
- }
- return NULL;
- /*線程是否存活*/
- int
- is_thread_alive(pthread_t tid)
- {
- int kill_rc = pthread_kill(tid, 0); //發(fā)送0號信號,測試是否存活
- if (kill_rc == ESRCH) //線程不存在
- {
- return false;
- }
- return true;
- }
五、釋放
- /*釋放線程池*/
- int
- threadpool_free(threadpool_t *pool)
- {
- if (pool == NULL)
- return -1;
- if (pool->task_queue)
- free(pool->task_queue);
- if (pool->threads)
- {
- free(pool->threads);
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock)); /*先鎖住再銷毀*/
- pthread_mutex_destroy(&(pool->lock));
- pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
- pthread_mutex_destroy(&(pool->thread_counter));
- pthread_cond_destroy(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
- pthread_cond_destroy(&(pool->queue_not_full));
- }
- free(pool);
- pool = NULL;
- return 0;
- }
- /*銷毀線程池*/
- int
- threadpool_destroy(threadpool_t *pool)
- {
- int i;
- if (pool == NULL)
- {
- return -1;
- }
- pool->shutdown = true;
- /*銷毀管理者線程*/
- pthread_join(pool->admin_tid, NULL);
- //通知所有線程去自殺(在自己領(lǐng)任務(wù)的過程中)
- for (i=0; i<pool->live_thr_num; i++)
- {
- pthread_cond_broadcast(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
- }
- /*等待線程結(jié)束 先是pthread_exit 然后等待其結(jié)束*/
- for (i=0; i<pool->live_thr_num; i++)
- {
- pthread_join(pool->threads[i], NULL);
- }
- threadpool_free(pool);
- return 0;
- }
六、接口
- /* 線程池初始化,其管理者線程及工作線程都會啟動 */
- threadpool_t *thp = threadpool_create(10, 100, 100);
- printf("threadpool init ... ... \n");
- /* 接收到任務(wù)后添加 */
- threadpool_add_task(thp, do_work, (void *)p);
- // ... ...
- /* 銷毀 */
- threadpool_destroy(thp);