九個(gè)超級(jí)有用的 Javascript 技巧
1. 動(dòng)態(tài)加載 JS 文件
在一些特殊的場(chǎng)景下,尤其是在一些庫和框架的開發(fā)中,我們有時(shí)會(huì)動(dòng)態(tài)加載并執(zhí)行 JS 文件。
下面是使用 Promise 的簡(jiǎn)單封裝。
function loadJS(files, done) {
// Get the head tag
const head = document. getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
Promise.all(files.map(file => {
return new Promise(resolve => {
// create script tag and add to head
const s = document.createElement('script');
s.type = "text/javascript";
s.async = true;
s.src = file;
// Listen to the load event, resolve if the loading is complete
s. addEventListener('load', (e) => resolve(), false);
head.appendChild(s);
});
})).then(done); // everything is done, execute the user's callback event
}
loadJS(["test1.js", "test2.js"], () => {
// user's callback logic
});There are two core points in the code above. One is to use Promise to process asynchronous logic, but to use script tags to load and execute js.
2. 實(shí)現(xiàn)模板引擎
以下示例使用很少的代碼來實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)模板渲染引擎。它不僅支持普通動(dòng)態(tài)變量的替換,還支持動(dòng)態(tài) JS 語法邏輯包括 for 循環(huán)、if 判斷等。
// This is a dynamic template that contains js code
var template =
'My avorite sports:' +
'<%if(this.showSports) {%>' +
'<% for(var index in this.sports) { %>' +
'<a><%this.sports[index]%></a>' +
'<%}%>' +
'<%} else {%>' +
'<p>none</p>' +
'<%}%>';
// This is the function string we're going to concatenate
const code = `with(obj) {
var r=[];
r.push("My avorite sports:");
if(this. showSports) {
for(var index in this. sports) {
r. push("<a>");
r.push(this.sports[index]);
r. push("</a>");
}
} else {
r.push("<span>none</span>");
}
return r.join("");
}`
// dynamically rendered data
const options = {
sports: ["swimming", "basketball", "football"],
showSports: true
}
// Build a feasible function and pass in parameters to change the direction of this when the function is executed
result = new Function("obj", code).apply(options, [options]);
console. log(result);
3. 使用 reduce 轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)
有時(shí)候前端需要對(duì)后端傳來的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換以適應(yīng)前端的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯,或者轉(zhuǎn)換組件的數(shù)據(jù)格式然后傳給后端處理,而 reduce 就是 一個(gè)非常強(qiáng)大的工具。
const arr = [
{ classId: "1", name: "Jack", age: 16 },
{ classId: "1", name: "Jon", age: 15 },
{ classId: "2", name: "Jenny", age: 16 },
{ classId: "3", name: "Jim", age: 15 },
{ classId: "2", name: "Zoe", age: 16 }
];
groupArrayByKey(arr, "classId");
function groupArrayByKey(arr = [], key) {
return arr.reduce((t, v) => (!t[v[key]] && (t[v[key]] = []), t[v[key]].push(v), t), {})
}
很多復(fù)雜的邏輯如果通過 reduce 處理的話,就非常簡(jiǎn)單了。
4. 添加默認(rèn)值
有時(shí),方法需要用戶傳入?yún)?shù)。通常,我們有兩種方法來處理。如果用戶不傳入,我們通常會(huì)給出一個(gè)默認(rèn)值,或者用戶必須傳入一個(gè)參數(shù),不傳則拋出錯(cuò)誤。
function double() {
return value *2
}
// If not passed, give a default value of 0
function double(value = 0) {
return value * 2
}
// The user must pass a parameter, and an error will be thrown if no parameter is passed
const required = () => {
throw new Error("This function requires one parameter.")
}
function double(value = required()) {
return value * 2
}
double(3) // 6
double() // throw Error
Listen 方法用于創(chuàng)建 NodeJS 原生 http 服務(wù)并監(jiān)聽端口,在服務(wù)的回調(diào)函數(shù)中創(chuàng)建上下文,然后調(diào)用用戶注冊(cè)的回調(diào)函數(shù)并傳遞生成的上下文。我們先看一下之前 createContext 和 handleRequest 的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
5. 該函數(shù)只執(zhí)行一次
在某些情況下,我們有一些特殊的場(chǎng)景,某個(gè)函數(shù)只允許執(zhí)行一次,或者某個(gè)綁定方法只允許執(zhí)行一次。
export function once (fn) {
// Use the closure to determine whether the function has been executed
let called = false
return function () {
if (! called) {
called = true
fn. apply(this, arguments)
}
}
}
6. 實(shí)現(xiàn) Curry
JavaScript 中的柯里化是將采用多個(gè)參數(shù)的函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為一系列僅采用一個(gè)參數(shù)的函數(shù)的過程。這樣可以更靈活地使用函數(shù),減少代碼的重復(fù),提高代碼的可讀性。
function curry(fn) {
return function curried(...args) {
if (args.length >= fn.length) {
return fn.apply(this, args);
} else {
return function(...args2) {
return curried.apply(this, args.concat(args2));
};
}
};
}
function add(x, y) {
return x + y;
}
const curriedAdd = curry(add);
console.log(curriedAdd(1)(2)); // output 3
console.log(curriedAdd(1, 2)); // output 3
通過柯里化,我們可以將一些常用的功能模塊化,比如驗(yàn)證、緩存等。這提高了代碼的可維護(hù)性和可讀性,并減少了出錯(cuò)的機(jī)會(huì)。
7. 實(shí)現(xiàn)單例模式
JavaScript 的單例模式是一種常用的設(shè)計(jì)模式。它可以確保一個(gè)類只有一個(gè)實(shí)例,并提供對(duì)該實(shí)例的全局訪問點(diǎn)。它在 JS 中有廣泛的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景,比如購物車、緩存對(duì)象、全局狀態(tài)管理等等。
let cache;
class A {
// ...
}
function getInstance() {
if (cache) return cache;
return cache = new A();
}
const x = getInstance();
const y = getInstance();
console.log(x === y); // true
8. 實(shí)現(xiàn) CommonJs 規(guī)范
CommonJS 規(guī)范的核心思想是將每個(gè)文件視為一個(gè)模塊,每個(gè)模塊都有自己的作用域,其中的變量、函數(shù)和對(duì)象都是私有的,外部無法訪問。要訪問模塊中的數(shù)據(jù),您必須導(dǎo)出并要求。
// id: full file name
const path = require('path');
const fs = require('fs');
function Module(id){
// Used to uniquely identify the module
this.id = id;
// Properties and methods used to export modules
this.exports = {};
}
function myRequire(filePath) {
// Directly call the static method of Module to load the file
return Module._load(filePath);
}
Module._cache = {};
Module._load = function(filePath) {
// First address the absolute path of the file through the filePath passed in by the user
// Because in CommnJS, the unique identifier of the module is the absolute path of the file
const realPath = Module._resoleveFilename(filePath);
// Cache priority, if it exists in the cache, it will directly return the exports property of the module
let cacheModule = Module._cache[realPath];
if(cacheModule) return cacheModule. exports;
// If it is loaded for the first time, a new module is required, and the parameter is the absolute path of the file
let module = new Module(realPath);
// Call the load method of the module to compile the module
module.load(realPath);
return module. exports;
}
// The node file is not discussed yet
Module._extensions = {
// Process the js file
".js": handleJS,
// process the json file
".json": handleJSON
}
function handleJSON(module) {
// If it is a json file, read it directly with fs.readFileSync,
// Then use JSON.parse to convert and return directly
const json = fs.readFileSync(module.id, 'utf-8')
module.exports = JSON.parse(json)
}
function handleJS(module) {
const js = fs. readFileSync(module. id, 'utf-8')
let fn = new Function('exports', 'myRequire', 'module', '__filename', '__dirname', js)
let exports = module. exports;
// The assembled function can be executed directly
fn.call(exports, exports, myRequire, module, module.id, path.dirname(module.id))
}
Module._resolveFilename = function (filePath) {
// Splice the absolute path, and then search it, if it exists, it will return
let absPath = path. resolve(__dirname, filePath);
let exists = fs.existsSync(absPath);
if (exists) return absPath;
// If it does not exist, try splicing .js, .json, .node in sequence
let keys = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
for (let i = 0; i < keys. length; i++) {
let currentPath = absPath + keys[i];
if (fs.existsSync(currentPath)) return currentPath;
}
};
Module.prototype.load = function(realPath) {
// Get the file extension and hand it over to the corresponding method for processing
let extname = path.extname(realPath)
Module._extensions[extname](this)
}
以上是 CommonJs 規(guī)范的簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)現(xiàn)。核心解決了作用域的隔離,提供了 Myrequire 方法來加載方法和屬性。
9. 遞歸獲取對(duì)象屬性
如果讓我選擇使用最廣泛的設(shè)計(jì)模式,我會(huì)選擇觀察者模式。如果要選我遇到過最多的算法思維,那一定是遞歸。遞歸將原問題劃分為具有相同結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)。子問題,然后依次解決這些子問題,并結(jié)合子問題的結(jié)果,最終得到原問題的答案。
const user = {
info: {
name: "Jacky",
address: { home: "MLB", company: "AI" },
},
};
// obj is the object to get the property, path is the path, and fallback is the default value
function get(obj, path, fallback) {
const parts = path. split(".");
const key = parts. shift();
if (typeof obj[key] !== "undefined") {
return parts. length > 0 ?
get(obj[key], parts. join("."), fallback) :
obj[key];
}
// return fallback if key not found
return fallback;
}
console.log(get(user, "info.name")); // Jacky
console.log(get(user, "info.address.home")); // MLB
console.log(get(user, "info.address.company")); // AI
console.log(get(user, "info.address.abc", "fallback")); // fallback