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Linux 性能調(diào)優(yōu)之硬件資源監(jiān)控

系統(tǒng) Linux
系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)問題,或者存在異常的日志信息,某些進(jìn)程運行緩慢,往往可能需要排除是否存在硬件問題,所以需要對硬件信息進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,查看是否存在異常信息。

1寫在前面

對每個人而言,真正的職責(zé)只有一個:找到自我。然后在心中堅守其一生,全心全意,永不停息。所有其它的路都是不完整的,是人的逃避方式,是對大眾理想的懦弱回歸,是隨波逐流,是對內(nèi)心的恐懼 ——赫爾曼·黑塞《德米安》

系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)問題,或者存在異常的日志信息,某些進(jìn)程運行緩慢,往往可能需要排除是否存在硬件問題,所以需要對硬件信息進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,查看是否存在異常信息

啟動系統(tǒng)時會進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)硬件檢測,這些檢測信息同時還會被寫到 dmesg buffer 中, 在 Linux 系統(tǒng)中 ,dmesg buffer 記錄下面一些信息:

  • 啟動系統(tǒng)硬件檢測信息
  • 驅(qū)動程序的信息
  • 查看系統(tǒng)警告或者錯誤

使用 dmesg 和 jounalctl -k選項 可以查看 dmesg buffer 的信息。

查看最后 10 行的數(shù)據(jù)信息,系統(tǒng)事件和操作的信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$dmesg  | tail -f -n 10
[56429.310740] br0: port 3(vnet4) entered blocking state
[56429.310741] br0: port 3(vnet4) entered forwarding state
[56431.360035] privbr0: port 3(vnet3) entered learning state
[56433.408995] privbr0: port 3(vnet3) entered forwarding state
[56433.409013] privbr0: topology change detected, propagating
[56440.853859] kvm [45569]: vcpu0, guest rIP: 0xffffffff9e060e38 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc2 data 0xffff
[59043.415922] device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
[59043.416104] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.39.0-ioctl (2018-04-03) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
[59176.644265] kvm [45401]: vcpu0, guest rIP: 0xffffffffa0260e38 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc2 data 0xffff
[59463.089835] bash (2579): drop_caches: 3

dmesg -T 可以將時間轉(zhuǎn)化為人類可讀的形式

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$dmesg -T | tail -f -n 10
[Sun Sep 17 02:19:18 2023] br0: port 3(vnet4) entered blocking state
[Sun Sep 17 02:19:18 2023] br0: port 3(vnet4) entered forwarding state
[Sun Sep 17 02:19:20 2023] privbr0: port 3(vnet3) entered learning state
[Sun Sep 17 02:19:22 2023] privbr0: port 3(vnet3) entered forwarding state
[Sun Sep 17 02:19:22 2023] privbr0: topology change detected, propagating
[Sun Sep 17 02:19:29 2023] kvm [45569]: vcpu0, guest rIP: 0xffffffff9e060e38 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc2 data 0xffff
[Sun Sep 17 03:02:52 2023] device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
[Sun Sep 17 03:02:52 2023] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.39.0-ioctl (2018-04-03) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
[Sun Sep 17 03:05:05 2023] kvm [45401]: vcpu0, guest rIP: 0xffffffffa0260e38 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc2 data 0xffff
[Sun Sep 17 03:09:52 2023] bash (2579): drop_caches: 3

查看前 10 行的數(shù)據(jù)信息.Linux內(nèi)核啟動過程的信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$dmesg -T | head -n 10
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] Linux version 4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-vm-08.build.eng.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 8.3.1 20191121 (Red Hat 8.3.1-5) (GCC)) #1 SMP Fri Mar 27 14:35:58 UTC 2020
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64 root=UUID=893bf4a5-f929-4a4f-9bb3-f1694d8ad757 ro resume=UUID=56504db0-34ca-458f-970b-1591a6af18bb rhgb quiet rd.shell=0
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x020: 'AVX-512 opmask'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x040: 'AVX-512 Hi256'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x080: 'AVX-512 ZMM_Hi256'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x200: 'Protection Keys User registers'
[Sat Sep 16 10:38:49 2023] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]:  576, xstate_sizes[2]:  256
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

通過  journalctl -k 命令來查看

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ journalctl -k
-- Logs begin at 五 2023-11-10 10:32:56 CST, end at 五 2023-11-10 10:36:16 CST. --
11月 10 10:32:56 vms81.liruilongs.github.io kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
11月 10 10:32:56 vms81.liruilongs.github.io kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
11月 10 10:32:56 vms81.liruilongs.github.io kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
11月 10 10:32:56 vms81.liruilongs.github.io kernel: Linux version 3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.c
11月 10 10:32:56 vms81.liruilongs.github.io kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64 r
......

在日常維護(hù)中,往往結(jié)合 grep 快速定位問題

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ dmesg -T | grep -i error
[五 11月 10 10:32:57 2023] BERT: Boot Error Record Table support is disabled. Enable it by using bert_enable as kernel parameter.
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ dmesg -T | grep -i warn
[五 11月 10 10:32:54 2023] Warning: Intel Processor - this hardware has not undergone upstream testing. Please consult http://wiki.centos.org/FAQ for more information
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

2硬件信息查看

當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)中一般會使用多個 CPU,每個 CPU 有多個核心,每個內(nèi)核還可能具備超線程并具備不同級別的共享緩存

lscpu 命令可以查看系統(tǒng)的 CPU 的信息

Intel CPU 信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$lscpu
Architecture:        x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):      32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:          Little Endian
CPU(s):              8
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-7
Thread(s) per core:  1
Core(s) per socket:  4
Socket(s):           2
NUMA node(s):        1
Vendor ID:           GenuineIntel
CPU family:          6
Model:               140
Model name:          11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 @ 2.40GHz
Stepping:            1
CPU MHz:             2419.226
BogoMIPS:            4838.45
Virtualization:      VT-x
Hypervisor vendor:   VMware
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache:           48K
L1i cache:           32K
L2 cache:            1280K
L3 cache:            8192K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):   0-7
Flags:               fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow vnmi ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves arat avx512vbmi umip pku ospke avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid movdiri movdir64b md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities

簡單的輸出信息說明

系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)是 x86_64(64 位),支持 32 位和 64 位的 CPU 操作模式。字節(jié)順序為小端(Little Endian)。系統(tǒng)有 8 個 CPU 核心,每個核心有 1 個線程。每個 CPU 插槽有 4 個核心,共有 2 個插槽。NUMA 節(jié)點數(shù)為 1。

以下是有關(guān)您的 CPU 的信息:

  • 廠商 ID:GenuineIntel
  • CPU 家族:6
  • 型號:140
  • 型號名稱:11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 @ 2.40GHz
  • 步進(jìn):1
  • CPU 頻率:2419.226 MHz
  • BogoMIPS:4838.45
  • 支持虛擬化技術(shù):VT-x
  • Hypervisor 廠商:VMware
  • 虛擬化類型:full
  • 關(guān)于 CPU 緩存的信息:
  • L1d 緩存:48K
  • L1i 緩存:32K
  • L2 緩存:1280K
  • L3 緩存:8192K
  • 系統(tǒng)具有許多 CPU 功能和特性,包括浮點運算單元(fpu)、虛擬化擴(kuò)展(vmx)、超線程(ht)、AES 指令集(aes)、AVX 指令集(avx)等等。

服務(wù)器 CPU 信息查看

┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$ lscpu
架構(gòu):                   x86_64
  CPU 運行模式:         32-bit, 64-bit
  Address sizes:         46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
  字節(jié)序:               Little Endian
CPU:                     32
  在線 CPU 列表:        0-31
廠商 ID:                GenuineIntel
  型號名稱:             Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2670 0 @ 2.60GHz
    CPU 系列:           6
    型號:               45
    每個核的線程數(shù):     2
    每個座的核數(shù):       8
    座:                 2
    步進(jìn):               7
    CPU 最大 MHz:       3300.0000
    CPU 最小 MHz:       1200.0000
    BogoMIPS:           5187.49
    標(biāo)記:               fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fx
                         sr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_go
                         od nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est
                         tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx
                         lahf_lm epb pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid xsaveopt dtherm ida
                         arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d
Virtualization features:
  虛擬化:               VT-x
Caches (sum of all):
  L1d:                   512 KiB (16 instances)
  L1i:                   512 KiB (16 instances)
  L2:                    4 MiB (16 instances)
  L3:                    40 MiB (2 instances)
NUMA:
  NUMA 節(jié)點:            2
  NUMA 節(jié)點0 CPU:       0-7,16-23
  NUMA 節(jié)點1 CPU:       8-15,24-31
Vulnerabilities:
  Itlb multihit:         KVM: Mitigation: VMX disabled
  L1tf:                  Mitigation; PTE Inversion; VMX conditional cache flushes, SMT vulnerable
  Mds:                   Mitigation; Clear CPU buffers; SMT vulnerable
  Meltdown:              Mitigation; PTI
  Mmio stale data:       Unknown: No mitigations
  Retbleed:              Not affected
  Spec store bypass:     Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
  Spectre v1:            Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
  Spectre v2:            Mitigation; Retpolines, IBPB conditional, IBRS_FW, STIBP conditional, RSB filling, PBRSB-eIBRS
                         Not affected
  Srbds:                 Not affected
  Tsx async abort:       Not affected
┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$

基本信息:

  • CPU: Intel Xeon E5-2670, Sandy Bridge-EP微架構(gòu),雙芯片(Socket)每個Socket 8核心
  • 多線程支持:每個核心支持兩個線程
  • 緩存結(jié)構(gòu):每個核心有512KB L1緩存,4MB L2緩存,兩顆CPU共享40MB L3緩存
  • NUMA結(jié)構(gòu):有兩個NUMA節(jié)點,第一個節(jié)點CPU為0-7,第二個為8-15
  • 虛擬化支持:支持Intel VT-x虛擬化技術(shù)
  • 性能信息:基準(zhǔn)指標(biāo)5187.49 Bogomips
  • 支持特性:SSE,AVX,虛擬化、數(shù)據(jù)本地性等
  • 漏洞修復(fù):針對Meltdown、Spectre等已修復(fù)

AMD CPU 信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                4
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-3
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    2
座:                 2
NUMA 節(jié)點:         1
廠商 ID:           AuthenticAMD
CPU 系列:          23
型號:              17
型號名稱:        AMD Ryzen 7 2700U with Radeon Vega Mobile Gfx
步進(jìn):              0
CPU MHz:             2195.781
BogoMIPS:            4391.56
超管理器廠商:  VMware
虛擬化類型:     完全
L1d 緩存:          32K
L1i 緩存:          64K
L2 緩存:           512K
L3 緩存:           4096K
NUMA 節(jié)點0 CPU:    0-3
Flags:                 fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art rep_good nopl tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc extd_apicid eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm cmp_legacy cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 rdseed adx smap clflushopt sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec arat overflow_recov succor
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

dmidecode 可以查看 主板設(shè)備信息

┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$ dmidecode | head -n 10
# dmidecode 3.3
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.8 present.
188 structures occupying 5969 bytes.
Table at 0xBFBD8000.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
        Vendor: HP
        Version: P75
┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$

查看 usb 設(shè)備信息,通過 -vv 可以查看詳細(xì)信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$lsusb
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware, Inc. Virtual USB Hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0008 VMware, Inc.
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub

lspci命令用于列出連接到 PCI 總線的設(shè)備信息,它可以顯示計算機(jī)上安裝的 PCI 設(shè)備的詳細(xì)信息,包括網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配器、顯卡、聲卡、存儲控制器等。 -vv 選項可以查看詳細(xì)的信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$lspci -vv
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX - 82443BX/ZX/DX Host bridge (rev 01)
        Subsystem: VMware Virtual Machine Chipset
        Control: I/O- Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR- FastB2B- DisINTx-
        Status: Cap- 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
        Latency: 0

00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX/DX - 82443BX/ZX/DX AGP bridge (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
        Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle+ MemWINV+ VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
        Status: Cap- 66MHz+ UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
        Latency: 0
        Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=64
        I/O behind bridge: None
        Memory behind bridge: None
        Prefetchable memory behind bridge: None
        Secondary status: 66MHz+ FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- <SERR- <PERR-
        BridgeCtl: Parity- SERR- NoISA+ VGA- MAbort- >Reset- FastB2B+
                PriDiscTmr- SecDiscTmr- DiscTmrStat- DiscTmrSERREn-

00:07.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ISA (rev 08)
        Subsystem: VMware Virtual Machine Chipset
        Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR- FastB2B- DisINTx-
        Status: Cap- 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
        Latency: 0

00:07.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev 01) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
        Subsystem: VMware Virtual Machine Chipset
        Control: I/O+ Mem- BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR- FastB2B- DisINTx-
        Status: Cap- 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
        Latency: 64
        Region 0: [virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8]
        Region 1: [virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type 3, non-prefetchable)
        Region 2: [virtual] Memory at 00000170 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8]
        Region 3: [virtual] Memory at 00000370 (type 3, non-prefetchable)
        Region 4: I/O ports at 1060 [size=16]
        Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
        Kernel modules: ata_piix, ata_generic
        ...............

hwloc是一個開源軟件包,提供了命令行和圖形工具,用于收集和展示硬件信息。它可以幫助用戶了解系統(tǒng)中的硬件拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),包括處理器、緩存、內(nèi)存、PCI設(shè)備和網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備等

lstopo:是hwloc的主要命令行工具,用于展示硬件拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。它會生成一個圖形化的拓?fù)鋱D,顯示處理器、緩存、內(nèi)存和其他設(shè)備的層次結(jié)構(gòu)和拓?fù)潢P(guān)系,如果沒有圖形環(huán)境,Istopo-no-graphics 可以提供命令行文字信息輸出

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ yum  -y install  hwloc
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$  lstopo-no-graphics
Machine (4226MB)
  L3 L#0 (4096KB)
    Package L#0
      L2 L#0 (512KB) + L1d L#0 (32KB) + L1i L#0 (64KB) + Core L#0 + PU L#0 (P#0)
      L2 L#1 (512KB) + L1d L#1 (32KB) + L1i L#1 (64KB) + Core L#1 + PU L#1 (P#1)
    Package L#1
      L2 L#2 (512KB) + L1d L#2 (32KB) + L1i L#2 (64KB) + Core L#2 + PU L#2 (P#2)
      L2 L#3 (512KB) + L1d L#3 (32KB) + L1i L#3 (64KB) + Core L#3 + PU L#3 (P#3)
  HostBridge L#0
    PCI 8086:7111
    PCI 15ad:0405
    PCI 1000:0030
      Block(Disk) L#0 "sda"
    PCIBridge
      PCI 8086:100f
        Net L#1 "ens32"
      PCI 15ad:07e0

根據(jù)輸出,可以看到以下組件:

  • 機(jī)器(Machine):總共有 4226MB 的內(nèi)存容量。
  • L3 緩存(L3 L#0):具有 4096KB 的容量。
  • 處理器包(Package):存在兩個處理器包(Package L#0 和 Package L#1)。

L2 緩存(L2 L#0 和 L2 L#1):每個 L2 緩存具有 512KB 的容量。

L1 數(shù)據(jù)緩存(L1d L#0 和 L1d L#1):每個 L1 數(shù)據(jù)緩存具有 32KB 的容量。

L1 指令緩存(L1i L#0 和 L1i L#1):每個 L1 指令緩存具有 64KB 的容量。

核心(Core L#0、Core L#1、Core L#2 和 Core L#3):每個處理器包中有四個核心。

處理單元(PU L#0、PU L#1、PU L#2 和 PU L#3):每個核心有一個處理單元。

每個處理器包中包含以下組件:

  • 主機(jī)橋接器(HostBridge L#0):用于連接其他組件的主機(jī)橋接器。
  • 網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備(Net):標(biāo)識為 "ens32" 的網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備。

  • 硬盤塊(Block):標(biāo)識為 "sda" 的磁盤塊。

  • PCI 設(shè)備:顯示了一些 PCI 設(shè)備的信息,包括廠商和設(shè)備的 ID。

  • PCI 8086:7111

  • PCI 15ad:0405

  • PCI 1000:0030

  • PCI 8086:100f

  • PCI 15ad:07e0

通過 -v 選項,可以查看更詳細(xì)的信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$  lstopo-no-graphics -v
Machine (P#0 local=4327132KB total=4327132KB DMIProductName="VMware Virtual Platform" DMIProductVersion=None DMIProductSerial="VMware-56 4d 75 ae f9 4e 9f ad-ba a0 f4 a3 26 c9 6f ae" DMIProductUUID=AE754D56-4EF9-AD9F-BAA0-F4A326C96FAE DMIBoardVendor="Intel Corporation" DMIBoardName="440BX Desktop Reference Platform" DMIBoardVersion=None DMIBoardSerial=None DMIBoardAssetTag= DMIChassisVendor="No Enclosure" DMIChassisType=1 DMIChassisVersion=N/A DMIChassisSerial=None DMIChassisAssetTag="No Asset Tag" DMIBIOSVendor="Phoenix Technologies LTD" DMIBIOSVersion=6.00 DMIBIOSDate=07/22/2020 DMISysVendor="VMware, Inc." Backend=Linux LinuxCgroup=/ OSName=Linux OSRelease=3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 OSVersion="#1 SMP Tue Aug 22 21:09:27 UTC 2017" HostName=liruilongs.github.io Architecture=x86_64 hwlocVersion=1.11.8 ProcessName=lstopo-no-graphics)
  L3Cache L#0 (size=4096KB linesize=64 ways=16 Inclusive=0)
    Package L#0 (P#0 CPUVendor=AuthenticAMD CPUFamilyNumber=23 CPUModelNumber=17 CPUModel="AMD Ryzen 7 2700U with Radeon Vega Mobile Gfx" CPUStepping=0)
      L2Cache L#0 (size=512KB linesize=64 ways=8 Inclusive=0)
        L1dCache L#0 (size=32KB linesize=64 ways=16 Inclusive=0)
          L1iCache L#0 (size=64KB linesize=64 ways=4 Inclusive=0)
            Core L#0 (P#0)
              PU L#0 (P#0)
      L2Cache L#1 (size=512KB linesize=64 ways=8 Inclusive=0)
        L1dCache L#1 (size=32KB linesize=64 ways=16 Inclusive=0)
          L1iCache L#1 (size=64KB linesize=64 ways=4 Inclusive=0)
            Core L#1 (P#1)
              PU L#1 (P#1)
...................................
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

支持通過以下方式來查看硬件拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)信息

  • lstopo-no-graphics --output-format txt:以文本格式輸出硬件拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。
  • lstopo-no-graphics --output-format xml:以XML格式輸出硬件拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。
  • lstopo-no-graphics --output-format fig:以FIG格式輸出硬件拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。

圖片圖片

在這里插入圖片描述

從上面 lstopo 的輸出可以看到這個系統(tǒng)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu):

  • 這是一臺雙插槽雙 處理器(processor) 的服務(wù)器,每個 processor 插槽默認(rèn)安裝了一個 AMD EPYC 7002 系列的 CPU
  • 每個 CPU 有多個核心,每個核有各級 cache,如 L1,L2,L3 緩存
  • 多個核心通過高速互聯(lián)交換機(jī)連接在一起,組成一個 numa 節(jié)點
  • 每個 numa 節(jié)點有固定容量的內(nèi)存,這里的是 64GB
  • 系統(tǒng)一共有兩個 numa 節(jié)點,總內(nèi)存為 128GB
  • 還安裝了多塊 OpenCL 加速卡,分布在兩個 numa 節(jié)點上(CoProc: 加速卡,這里是AMD RadeonOpenCL計算卡)
  • 另外還有兩個網(wǎng)卡,連接外部網(wǎng)絡(luò),OpenFabrics: InfiniBand或者RoCE網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口
  • 磁盤是 894GB的串行ATA 盤

部分參數(shù)信息:

  • Machine: 顯示整體服務(wù)器硬件信息,總內(nèi)存為 126GB
  • Package: CPU Socket,這里是兩個Socket
  • NUMANode: NUMA節(jié)點,每個CPU Socket對應(yīng)的是一個NUMA節(jié)點
  • L3: L3緩存,每個CPU有20MB L3緩存
  • PCI: PCIe插槽信息
  • L2: L2緩存,每個核有256KB L2緩存
  • OpenFabrics: InfiniBand或者RoCE網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口
  • CoProc: 加速卡,這里是AMD RadeonOpenCL計算卡
  • L1d/L1i: L1數(shù)據(jù)緩存和指令緩存,每個核32KB
  • Core: 物理CPU核
  • PU: 指令處理單元,每個物理核內(nèi)部資源分配
  • Block: 磁盤磁道
  • Net: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口信息

lshw 命令可以列出機(jī)器硬件相關(guān)詳細(xì)信息,lshw 命令可以列出內(nèi)存,固件,主板,CPU,總線速度等信息

lshw 命令將硬件組件分多個類別,如系統(tǒng),內(nèi)存,網(wǎng)絡(luò)等

查看信息的 class 分類

[root@workstation ~]# lshw -short
H/W path          Device      Class          Description
========================================================
                              system         KVM
/0                            bus            Motherboard
/0/0                          memory         96KiB BIOS
/0/400                        processor      QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+
/0/401                        processor      QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+
/0/1000                       memory         2GiB System Memory
/0/1000/0                     memory         2GiB DIMM RAM
/0/100                        bridge         82G33/G31/P35/P31 Express DRAM Controller
/0/100/1                      bridge         QEMU PCIe Root port
/0/100/1/0                    network        Virtio network device
/0/100/1/0/0      eth0        network        Ethernet interface
/0/100/1.1                    bridge         QEMU PCIe Root port
/0/100/1.1/0                  bus            QEMU XHCI Host Controller
/0/100/1.1/0/0    usb1        bus            xHCI Host Controller
/0/100/1.1/0/1    usb2        bus            xHCI Host Controller
/0/100/1.2                    bridge         QEMU PCIe Root port
/0/100/1.2/0                  communication  Virtio console
/0/100/1.2/0/0                generic        Virtual I/O device
/0/100/1.3                    bridge         QEMU PCIe Root port
/0/100/1.3/0                  storage        Virtio block device
/0/100/1.3/0/0    /dev/vda    disk           10GB Virtual I/O device
/0/100/1.3/0/0/1              volume         10238MiB Linux filesystem partition
/0/100/1.4                    bridge         QEMU PCIe Root port
/0/100/1.4/0                  generic        Virtio memory balloon
/0/100/1.4/0/0                generic        Virtual I/O device
/0/100/1.5                    bridge         QEMU PCIe Root port
/0/100/2                      display        Virtio GPU
/0/100/2/0                    generic        Virtual I/O device
/0/100/1f                     bridge         82801IB (ICH9) LPC Interface Controller
/0/100/1f.2                   storage        82801IR/IO/IH (ICH9R/DO/DH) 6 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode]
/0/100/1f.3                   bus            82801I (ICH9 Family) SMBus Controller
/0/1                          system         PnP device PNP0b00
/0/2                          input          PnP device PNP0303
/0/3                          input          PnP device PNP0f13
/0/4                          communication  PnP device PNP0501
/1                virbr0      network        Ethernet interface
/2                virbr0-nic  network        Ethernet interface

查看特定類型的數(shù)據(jù)

┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$ lshw -c network
  *-network:0
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: I350 Gigabit Network Connection
       vendor: Intel Corporation
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0
       logical name: eno1
       version: 01
       serial: 9c:b6:54:b5:e2:64
       size: 100Mbit/s  #size 指的是網(wǎng)卡當(dāng)前的連接速度(Negotiated Speed)。
       capacity: 1Gbit/s #capacity 指的是網(wǎng)卡的最大理論連接速度能力(Maximum Speed)。
       width: 32 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi msix pciexpress vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autnotallow=on broadcast=yes driver=igb driverversinotallow=5.19.0-32-generic duplex=full firmware=1.61, 0x80000cd5, 1.949.0 ip=10.255.0.101 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=100Mbit/s
       resources: irq:16 memory:efd00000-efdfffff ioport:5000(size=32) memory:efcf0000-efcf3fff memory:efa00000-efa7ffff memory:3cbfdfe0000-3cbfdffffff memory:3cbfdfc0000-3cbfdfdffff
  *-network:1
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: I350 Gigabit Network Connection
       vendor: Intel Corporation
       physical id: 0.1
       bus info: pci@0000:02:00.1
       logical name: eno2
       version: 01
       serial: 9c:b6:54:b5:e2:65
       capacity: 1Gbit/s
       width: 32 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi msix pciexpress vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autnotallow=on broadcast=yes driver=igb driverversinotallow=5.19.0-32-generic firmware=1.61, 0x80000cd5, 1.949.0 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
       resources: irq:17 memory:efb00000-efbfffff ioport:5020(size=32) memory:efaf0000-efaf3fff memory:efc00000-efc7ffff memory:3cbfdfa0000-3cbfdfbffff memory:3cbfdf80000-3cbfdf9ffff
  *-network
       description: Network controller
       product: MT27520 Family [ConnectX-3 Pro]
       vendor: Mellanox Technologies
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:23:00.0
       version: 00
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm vpd msix pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom
       configuration: driver=mlx4_core latency=0
       resources: iomemory:3e30-3e2f irq:46 memory:f6c00000-f6cfffff memory:3e3fc000000-3e3fdffffff memory:3e3dc000000-3e3fbffffff
┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$

從lshw的輸出可以得知這個系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu):

有2塊Intel I350網(wǎng)卡,型號相同:

  • eno1在PCI插槽0000:02:00.0
  • eno2在PCI插槽0000:02:00.1

另外還有1塊Mellanox ConnectX-3 Pro InfiniBand卡:

  • 在PCI插槽0000:23:00.0
  • 使用mlx4_core驅(qū)動

主要特點:

  • Intel I350是常見的1Gb以太網(wǎng)卡
  • MellanoxConnectX-3 Pro是InfiniBand卡,用于高性能計算集群
  • 一個InfiniBand卡,兩個以太網(wǎng)卡
  • 以太網(wǎng)卡獨立驅(qū)動與Mellanox卡單獨驅(qū)動
┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$ lshw  -c disk
  *-disk
       description: SCSI Disk
       product: LOGICAL VOLUME
       vendor: HP
       physical id: 1.0.0
       bus info: scsi@1:1.0.0
       logical name: /dev/sda
       version: 3.22
       serial: PBKTU0ARH3U005
       size: 894GiB (960GB)
       capabilities: 15000rpm gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gpt
       configuration: ansiversinotallow=5 guid=525c7981-1a75-4223-a48b-cac0e40e44c2 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$

也可以直接把硬件信息輸出到 html

[root@workstation ~]# lshw -html > hw.hhtml

3報告硬件錯誤

用戶可以通過rasdaemon捕獲并處理內(nèi)核生成的錯誤事件,這些信息記錄在/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/目錄下,有 syslog/journald 報告使用rasdaemon 需要安裝并啟動服務(wù)

[root@workstation ~]# yum -y install  rasdaemon
[root@workstation ~]# systemctl enable --now rasdaemon.service

可以在目錄下查看相關(guān)的文件信息

┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$ ls /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
available_events            dynamic_events            hwlat_detector   printk_formats         set_event_pid           snapshot            trace_clock       tracing_max_latency
available_filter_functions  dyn_ftrace_total_info     instances        README                 set_ftrace_filter       stack_max_size      trace_marker      tracing_on
available_tracers           enabled_functions         kprobe_events    saved_cmdlines         set_ftrace_notrace      stack_trace         trace_marker_raw  tracing_thresh
buffer_percent              error_log                 kprobe_profile   saved_cmdlines_size    set_ftrace_notrace_pid  stack_trace_filter  trace_options     uprobe_events
buffer_size_kb              events                    max_graph_depth  saved_tgids            set_ftrace_pid          synthetic_events    trace_pipe        uprobe_profile
buffer_total_size_kb        free_buffer               options          set_event              set_graph_function      timestamp_mode      trace_stat
current_tracer              function_profile_enabled  per_cpu          set_event_notrace_pid  set_graph_notrace       trace               tracing_cpumask
┌──[root@hp-ProLiant-SL270s-Gen8-SE]-[~]
└─$

第一次運行可以會有如下報錯信息,按照提示信息使用 rasdaemon --record

[root@workstation ~]# ras-mc-ctl --summary
DBD::SQLite::db prepare failed: no such table: mc_event at /usr/sbin/ras-mc-ctl line 1130.
Can't call method "execute" on an undefined value at /usr/sbin/ras-mc-ctl line 1131.
[root@workstation ~]# ras-mc-ctl  --errors
DBD::SQLite::db prepare failed: no such table: mc_event at /usr/sbin/ras-mc-ctl line 1208.
ras-mc-ctl: Error: mc_event table missing from /var/lib/rasdaemon/ras-mc_event.db. Run 'rasdaemon --record'.
[root@workstation ~]# rasdaemon --record

運行 ras-mc-ctl --errors命令后,可以檢測到以下類型的錯誤:

  • 內(nèi)存錯誤(Memory errors)
  • PCIe AER 高速串行總線錯誤(PCIe Advanced Error Reporting errors)
  • Extlog 擴(kuò)展日志錯誤(Extended Log errors)
  • MCE 機(jī)器檢查異常錯誤(Machine Check Exception errors)

ras-mc-ctl --errors 命令用于列出當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)中發(fā)生的機(jī)器檢查錯誤。它會顯示內(nèi)存錯誤、PCIe AER 錯誤、Extlog 錯誤和 MCE 錯誤的詳細(xì)信息(如果有的話)

[root@workstation ~]# ras-mc-ctl  --errors
No Memory errors.

No PCIe AER errors.

No Extlog errors.

No MCE errors.

ras-mc-ctl --summary 命令用于提供機(jī)器檢查錯誤的摘要信息。它會顯示每個錯誤類型的總數(shù),而不會提供每個具體錯誤的詳細(xì)信息。這個命令適用于快速查看系統(tǒng)中錯誤的總體情況,以便對系統(tǒng)健康狀況有一個概覽。

[root@workstation ~]# ras-mc-ctl --summary
No Memory errors.

No PCIe AER errors.

No Extlog errors.
No MCE errors.

4查看虛擬環(huán)境和云環(huán)境的資源

KVM 是基于內(nèi)核的虛擬機(jī)技術(shù),是內(nèi)核可加載的模塊,KVM 運行在內(nèi)核空間。

  • libvirt 工具是虛擬機(jī)和相關(guān)設(shè)備的管理工具,需要安裝工具包 apt install libvirt-daemon-system
  • virsh 命令使用 libvit 庫和 API 訪問虛擬機(jī),當(dāng)前命令需要安裝工具包 apt install libvirt-clients

QEMU 是仿真器,可以將虛擬設(shè)備提供給虛擬機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)包括:

  • 網(wǎng)絡(luò) PCI 控制器(virtio-net-pci)
  • 存儲控制器 (virtio-scsi-pci)
  • 存儲 PCI 塊控制器 (virtio-blk)
  • 內(nèi)存 PCI 控制器 (virtio-balloon-pci)隨機(jī)數(shù)發(fā)生器(virtio-rng-pci)
  • USB (ich9-usdb-uhci3 或 pciohci)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備動器 (e1000 或 virtio)
  • 視頻設(shè)備 (cirrus-vga-vga 或 qxl-vga)

QEMU 可以與 KVM(Kernel-based Virtual Machine)結(jié)合使用,以提供完整的虛擬化解決方案。KVM 提供硬件虛擬化支持,而 QEMU 提供了虛擬機(jī)監(jiān)控器和硬件仿真能力。結(jié)合使用時,KVM 負(fù)責(zé)處理虛擬化的底層操作,而 QEMU 負(fù)責(zé)模擬虛擬機(jī)的硬件設(shè)備。

列出所有的虛擬機(jī)

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$virsh list --all
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 1     classroom                      running
 2     workstation                    running
 3     bastion                        running
 -     servera                        shut off
 -     serverb                        shut off
 -     serverc                        shut off
 -     serverd                        shut off

查看虛擬機(jī)的信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$virsh  dominfo workstation
Id:             2
Name:           workstation
UUID:           3f09a13c-94ad-4d97-8f76-17e9a81ae61f
OS Type:        hvm
State:          running
CPU(s):         2
CPU time:       1015.4s
Max memory:     2097152 KiB
Used memory:    2097152 KiB
Persistent:     yes
Autostart:      disable
Managed save:   no
Security model: selinux
Security DOI:   0
Security label: system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0:c249,c656 (enforcing)

查看虛擬機(jī) CPU 信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$cat /etc/libvirt/qemu/workstation.xml  | grep cpu
  <vcpu placement='static'>2</vcpu>

查看宿主機(jī)和虛擬機(jī)的 CPU 時間

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$virsh  cpu-stats workstation
CPU0:
        cpu_time           165.460132723 seconds
        vcpu_time          128.590700314 seconds
CPU1:
        cpu_time           134.540034318 seconds
        vcpu_time           98.868638312 seconds
CPU2:
        cpu_time            81.308894671 seconds
        vcpu_time           49.496840393 seconds
CPU3:
        cpu_time            95.084166725 seconds
        vcpu_time           57.692533169 seconds
CPU4:
        cpu_time           127.711824011 seconds
        vcpu_time           93.085340637 seconds
CPU5:
        cpu_time           208.676280988 seconds
        vcpu_time          172.028112759 seconds
CPU6:
        cpu_time            68.894659228 seconds
        vcpu_time           38.683257218 seconds
CPU7:
        cpu_time           139.665723281 seconds
        vcpu_time          103.899829328 seconds
Total:
        cpu_time          1021.341715945 seconds
        user_time            1.360000000 seconds
        system_time        144.920000000 seconds

獲取名為 "workstation" 的虛擬機(jī)的 VCPU 信息

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$virsh  vcpuinfo workstation
VCPU:           0
CPU:            5
State:          running
CPU time:       573.3s
CPU Affinity:   yyyyyyyy

VCPU:           1
CPU:            7
State:          running
CPU time:       169.2s
CPU Affinity:   yyyyyyyy

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

內(nèi)存氣泡 memballoon/belun/

Memory Ballooning(內(nèi)存氣泡)是一種虛擬化技術(shù),用于動態(tài)調(diào)整虛擬機(jī)的內(nèi)存分配。它允許在運行的虛擬機(jī)之間共享和重新分配內(nèi)存,以提高資源利用率。

Memory Ballooning 的工作原理如下:

  • 在虛擬機(jī)中安裝并啟動 Virtio-Balloon 驅(qū)動程序。Virtio-Balloon 是一種虛擬設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序,通過與宿主機(jī)(通常是 QEMU)通信來進(jìn)行內(nèi)存管理。
  • 虛擬機(jī)啟動后,Virtio-Balloon 驅(qū)動程序會向宿主機(jī)報告虛擬機(jī)當(dāng)前的內(nèi)存使用情況。
  • 如果宿主機(jī)上的其他虛擬機(jī)需要更多內(nèi)存,宿主機(jī)會發(fā)送請求給 Virtio-Balloon 驅(qū)動程序,要求虛擬機(jī)釋放一部分內(nèi)存。
  • 虛擬機(jī)的 Virtio-Balloon 驅(qū)動程序會響應(yīng)請求,通過將一些內(nèi)存頁面釋放回宿主機(jī),從而減少虛擬機(jī)的內(nèi)存使用量。
  • 宿主機(jī)收到釋放的內(nèi)存后,可以將其分配給其他虛擬機(jī)使用,從而實現(xiàn)內(nèi)存的復(fù)用。

查看 linux 內(nèi)核是否具備 virtio-ballon 模塊

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ lsmod | grep virtio_balloon
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ modprobe virtio_balloon
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ lsmod | grep virtio_balloon
virtio_balloon         18015  0
virtio_ring            22991  1 virtio_balloon
virtio                 14959  1 virtio_balloon
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ modinfo virtio-balloon
filename:       /lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/virtio/virtio_balloon.ko.xz
license:        GPL
description:    Virtio balloon driver
retpoline:      Y
rhelversion:    7.9
srcversion:     52EDF3EAD03F14A066CA3BC
alias:          virtio:d00000005v*
depends:        virtio,virtio_ring
intree:         Y
vermagic:       3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions
signer:         CentOS Linux kernel signing key
sig_key:        C6:93:65:52:C5:A1:E9:97:0B:A2:4C:98:1A:C4:51:A6:BC:11:09:B9
sig_hashalgo:   sha256
parm:           oom_pages:pages to free on OOM (int)
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

kvm_stat 命令是一個 python 腳本,通過讀取內(nèi)核的計數(shù)器信息,查看虛擬機(jī)數(shù)據(jù),使用 ctrl+c 或者 q 鍵退出 kvm stat 命令,使用 x 鍵,查看 kvmexit 事件的細(xì)節(jié)

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$kvm_stat
kvm statistics - summary

 Event                                         Total %Total CurAvg/s
 kvm_entry                                      8663   17.3      377
 kvm_exit                                       8663   17.3      377
 kvm_apic                                       6442   12.8      285
 kvm_msr                                        6377   12.7      283
 kvm_hv_timer_state                             6295   12.5      282
 kvm_pv_tlb_flush                               2069    4.1       90
 kvm_inj_virq                                   1960    3.9       85
 kvm_apic_accept_irq                            1960    3.9       85
 kvm_eoi                                        1960    3.9       85
 kvm_pv_eoi                                     1943    3.9       85
 kvm_vcpu_wakeup                                1870    3.7       80
 kvm_fpu                                         402    0.8       20
 kvm_halt_poll_ns                                311    0.6       12
 kvm_msi_set_irq                                 232    0.5       11
 kvm_emulate_insn                                212    0.4       10
 vcpu_match_mmio                                 201    0.4       10
 kvm_userspace_exit                              201    0.4       10
 kvm_mmio                                        201    0.4       10
 kvm_apic_ipi                                     65    0.1        1
 kvm_ack_irq                                      10    0.0        0
 kvm_page_fault                                   83    0.2        0
 kvm_cpuid                                        39    0.1        0
 kvm_fast_mmio                                    11    0.0        0
 kvm_ple_window_update                             2    0.0        0
 kvm_pvclock_update                                1    0.0        0
 Total                                         50173            2198

5博文部分內(nèi)容參考

? 文中涉及參考鏈接內(nèi)容版權(quán)歸原作者所有,如有侵權(quán)請告知 :)

《 Red Hat Performance Tuning 442 》

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責(zé)任編輯:武曉燕 來源: 山河已無恙
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