SpringBoot 3.3 接口防抖的一些實(shí)現(xiàn)方案,超贊!
在現(xiàn)代 Web 應(yīng)用中,前端與后端的交互頻繁而復(fù)雜,用戶的操作如按鈕點(diǎn)擊、表單提交等,都會(huì)引發(fā)向后端發(fā)送請(qǐng)求。雖然這些請(qǐng)求中的多數(shù)是有意義的,但一些場(chǎng)景下,用戶的誤操作或網(wǎng)絡(luò)波動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致同一請(qǐng)求在短時(shí)間內(nèi)被重復(fù)觸發(fā)。這種重復(fù)請(qǐng)求不僅會(huì)增加服務(wù)器的負(fù)擔(dān),消耗寶貴的資源,還可能引發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)不一致性的問(wèn)題。因此,如何有效地防止接口被頻繁調(diào)用,成為了開發(fā)者必須解決的問(wèn)題。
接口防抖是一種常見(jiàn)的優(yōu)化手段,通過(guò)延遲請(qǐng)求的處理或限制請(qǐng)求的頻率,來(lái)確保在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)只執(zhí)行一次操作,從而減少服務(wù)器負(fù)擔(dān)。本文將深入探討幾種常見(jiàn)的接口防抖策略及其在 Spring Boot 3.3 項(xiàng)目中的實(shí)現(xiàn),并展示如何通過(guò)配置來(lái)靈活選擇不同的防抖方案。此外,還將介紹如何在前端使用 Jquery 實(shí)現(xiàn)按鈕的防抖點(diǎn)擊,從而進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化用戶體驗(yàn)。
什么是接口防抖
接口防抖(Debounce)是一種前后端結(jié)合的技術(shù)手段,主要用于防止在短時(shí)間內(nèi)多次觸發(fā)同一操作。通常情況下,用戶可能會(huì)因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)延遲、誤點(diǎn)擊等原因在短時(shí)間內(nèi)多次發(fā)送相同的請(qǐng)求,如果不加以控制,這些請(qǐng)求會(huì)同時(shí)傳遞到服務(wù)器,導(dǎo)致服務(wù)器處理多次同一業(yè)務(wù)邏輯,從而造成資源浪費(fèi)甚至系統(tǒng)崩潰。
防抖技術(shù)可以通過(guò)延遲處理或限制頻率,確保在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)同一操作只被執(zhí)行一次。例如,用戶在點(diǎn)擊按鈕時(shí),如果短時(shí)間內(nèi)多次點(diǎn)擊,只有第一個(gè)請(qǐng)求會(huì)被處理,后續(xù)請(qǐng)求將被忽略。這種機(jī)制不僅可以優(yōu)化服務(wù)器性能,還能提升用戶體驗(yàn)。
運(yùn)行效果:
圖片
圖片
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項(xiàng)目基礎(chǔ)配置
pom.xml 配置
首先,在 pom.xml 中配置 Spring Boot、Thymeleaf、Bootstrap,以及其他相關(guān)依賴:
<?xml versinotallow="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>3.3.3</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.icoderoad</groupId>
<artifactId>debounce</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>debounce</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>17</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aop</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.yml 配置
在 application.yml 中配置接口防抖策略的選擇:
server:
port: 8080
spring:
debounce:
strategy: time-window # 可選值:time-window, token-bucket, sliding-window
time-window:
duration: 1000 # 時(shí)間窗口長(zhǎng)度(毫秒)
token-bucket:
capacity: 10 # 令牌桶容量
refill-rate: 1 # 令牌補(bǔ)充速率(每秒)
sliding-window:
size: 5 # 滑動(dòng)窗口大小
interval: 1000 # 時(shí)間間隔(毫秒)
接口防抖策略實(shí)現(xiàn)
定義 DebounceStrategy 接口
package com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy;
public interface DebounceStrategy {
/**
* 判斷當(dāng)前請(qǐng)求是否應(yīng)該被處理
*
* @param key 唯一標(biāo)識(shí)(如用戶ID、IP等)
* @return 如果應(yīng)該處理請(qǐng)求,返回true;否則返回false
*/
boolean shouldProceed(String key);
}
時(shí)間窗口防抖(time-window)
時(shí)間窗口防抖策略(Time Window Debounce)是最簡(jiǎn)單的一種防抖機(jī)制,它允許在一個(gè)固定的時(shí)間窗口內(nèi)只執(zhí)行一次操作。例如,在設(shè)置了 1 秒的時(shí)間窗口后,無(wú)論用戶在這一秒內(nèi)點(diǎn)擊多少次按鈕,系統(tǒng)只會(huì)響應(yīng)第一次點(diǎn)擊,其余的點(diǎn)擊將被忽略。時(shí)間窗口策略適用于那些短時(shí)間內(nèi)不希望重復(fù)操作的場(chǎng)景。
時(shí)間窗口策略實(shí)現(xiàn)
首先,實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)間窗口策略:
package com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component("timeWindowStrategy")
public class TimeWindowStrategy implements DebounceStrategy {
private final long durationMillis;
private final ConcurrentHashMap<String, Long> requestTimes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
public TimeWindowStrategy(@Value("${spring.debounce.time-window.duration}") long durationMillis) {
this.durationMillis = durationMillis;
}
@Override
public boolean shouldProceed(String key) {
long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
Long lastRequestTime = requestTimes.put(key, currentTime);
if (lastRequestTime == null || currentTime - lastRequestTime >= durationMillis) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
}
令牌桶防抖(token-bucket)
令牌桶防抖策略(Token Bucket Debounce)通過(guò)維護(hù)一個(gè)令牌桶,每次請(qǐng)求需要消耗一個(gè)令牌。當(dāng)令牌桶為空時(shí),請(qǐng)求將被拒絕或延遲處理。令牌會(huì)以固定的速率被重新生成,確保在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)的請(qǐng)求可以被平穩(wěn)處理。令牌桶策略適用于那些需要控制請(qǐng)求速率的場(chǎng)景,如 API 限流。
令牌桶策略實(shí)現(xiàn)
package com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
@Component("tokenBucketStrategy")
public class TokenBucketStrategy implements DebounceStrategy {
private final int capacity;
private final int refillRate;
private final ConcurrentHashMap<String, Semaphore> tokenBuckets = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
public TokenBucketStrategy(
@Value("${spring.debounce.token-bucket.capacity}") int capacity,
@Value("${spring.debounce.token-bucket.refill-rate}") int refillRate) {
this.capacity = capacity;
this.refillRate = refillRate;
startRefillTask();
}
@Override
public boolean shouldProceed(String key) {
Semaphore semaphore = tokenBuckets.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new Semaphore(capacity));
return semaphore.tryAcquire();
}
private void startRefillTask() {
new Thread(() -> {
while (true) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000 / refillRate);
tokenBuckets.forEach((key, semaphore) -> semaphore.release(1));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
}).start();
}
}
滑動(dòng)窗口防抖(sliding-window)
滑動(dòng)窗口防抖策略(Sliding Window Debounce)通過(guò)在一個(gè)固定的時(shí)間窗口內(nèi)統(tǒng)計(jì)請(qǐng)求次數(shù),并將其滑動(dòng)以覆蓋整個(gè)時(shí)間區(qū)間。只允許在這個(gè)窗口內(nèi)的一定次數(shù)的請(qǐng)求通過(guò)?;瑒?dòng)窗口策略適用于需要在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)精確控制請(qǐng)求次數(shù)的場(chǎng)景。
滑動(dòng)窗口策略實(shí)現(xiàn)
package com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
@Component("slidingWindowStrategy")
public class SlidingWindowStrategy implements DebounceStrategy {
private final int maxSize;
private final long intervalMillis;
private final ConcurrentHashMap<String, LinkedBlockingQueue<Long>> requestTimestamps = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
public SlidingWindowStrategy(
@Value("${spring.debounce.sliding-window.size}") int maxSize,
@Value("${spring.debounce.sliding-window.interval}") long intervalMillis) {
this.maxSize = maxSize;
this.intervalMillis = intervalMillis;
}
@Override
public boolean shouldProceed(String key) {
long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
LinkedBlockingQueue<Long> timestamps = requestTimestamps.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new LinkedBlockingQueue<>());
synchronized (timestamps) {
while (!timestamps.isEmpty() && currentTime - timestamps.peek() > intervalMillis) {
timestamps.poll();
}
if (timestamps.size() < maxSize) {
timestamps.offer(currentTime);
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
}
}
策略選擇器
package com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class DebounceStrategySelector {
@Value("${spring.debounce.strategy}")
private String strategy;
private final TimeWindowStrategy timeWindowStrategy;
private final TokenBucketStrategy tokenBucketStrategy;
private final SlidingWindowStrategy slidingWindowStrategy;
@Autowired
public DebounceStrategySelector(
TimeWindowStrategy timeWindowStrategy,
TokenBucketStrategy tokenBucketStrategy,
SlidingWindowStrategy slidingWindowStrategy) {
this.timeWindowStrategy = timeWindowStrategy;
this.tokenBucketStrategy = tokenBucketStrategy;
this.slidingWindowStrategy = slidingWindowStrategy;
}
public DebounceStrategy select() {
switch (strategy) {
case "token-bucket":
return tokenBucketStrategy;
case "sliding-window":
return slidingWindowStrategy;
case "time-window":
default:
return timeWindowStrategy;
}
}
}
自定義注解
package com.icoderoad.debounce.aspect;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Debounce {
String key() default "";
long duration() default 1000;
}
AOP 實(shí)現(xiàn)
將防抖策略的選擇集成到 AOP 中:
package com.icoderoad.debounce.aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy.DebounceStrategy;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy.DebounceStrategySelector;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy.SlidingWindowStrategy;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy.TimeWindowStrategy;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.strategy.TokenBucketStrategy;
@Aspect
@Component
public class DebounceAspect {
private final DebounceStrategySelector strategySelector;
@Autowired
public DebounceAspect(DebounceStrategySelector strategySelector) {
this.strategySelector = strategySelector;
}
@Around("@annotation(debounce)")
public Object around(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint, Debounce debounce) throws Throwable {
DebounceStrategy strategy = strategySelector.select();
String key = debounce.key();
if (strategy instanceof TimeWindowStrategy) {
if (((TimeWindowStrategy) strategy).shouldProceed(key)) {
return joinPoint.proceed();
}
} else if (strategy instanceof TokenBucketStrategy) {
if (((TokenBucketStrategy) strategy).shouldProceed(key)) {
return joinPoint.proceed();
}
} else if (strategy instanceof SlidingWindowStrategy) {
if (((SlidingWindowStrategy) strategy).shouldProceed(key)) {
return joinPoint.proceed();
}
}
throw new RuntimeException("請(qǐng)求頻率過(guò)高,請(qǐng)稍后再試。");
}
}
自定義異常類
首先,可以定義一個(gè)自定義異常類 TooManyRequestsException:
package com.icoderoad.debounce.exception;
public class TooManyRequestsException extends RuntimeException {
public TooManyRequestsException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
創(chuàng)建錯(cuò)誤響應(yīng)體
定義一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的 ErrorResponse 類,用于返回錯(cuò)誤信息:
package com.icoderoad.debounce.exception;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
@Getter
@Setter
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class ErrorResponse {
private String message;
}
創(chuàng)建自定義異常處理
使用 @ControllerAdvice 和 @ExceptionHandler 處理 TooManyRequestsException 異常,并返回自定義的響應(yīng)體和狀態(tài)碼:
package com.icoderoad.debounce.handler;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.exception.ErrorResponse;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.exception.TooManyRequestsException;
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(TooManyRequestsException.class)
public ResponseEntity<Object> handleTooManyRequestsException(TooManyRequestsException ex) {
// 返回 429 狀態(tài)碼和自定義錯(cuò)誤信息
return ResponseEntity
.status(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS)
.body(new ErrorResponse("請(qǐng)求頻率過(guò)高,請(qǐng)稍后再試!"));
}
}
接口控制器實(shí)現(xiàn) DebounceController
package com.icoderoad.debounce.controller;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import com.icoderoad.debounce.aspect.Debounce;
@RestController
public class DebounceController {
@Debounce(key = "debounceTest")
@GetMapping("/api/debounce-test")
public ResponseEntity<String> debounceTest() {
return ResponseEntity.ok("請(qǐng)求成功!");
}
}
視圖控制器
package com.icoderoad.debounce.controller;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
@Controller
public class IndexController {
@GetMapping("/")
public String index() {
return "index";
}
}
前端實(shí)現(xiàn)
前端使用 Bootstrap 實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的按鈕觸發(fā)接口調(diào)用的頁(yè)面,并展示防抖效果。
在src/main/resources/templates目錄下創(chuàng)建文件 index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>接口防抖測(cè)試</title>
<!-- 使用HTTP協(xié)議引入Bootstrap和jQuery -->
<link rel="stylesheet" >
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container mt-5">
<h1 class="mb-4">接口防抖測(cè)試</h1>
<!-- 按鈕,點(diǎn)擊后觸發(fā)請(qǐng)求 -->
<button id="debounceButton" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg">觸發(fā)請(qǐng)求</button>
<!-- 用于顯示響應(yīng)結(jié)果的div -->
<div id="responseMessage" class="mt-3 alert" style="display:none;"></div>
</div>
<!-- 引入Bootstrap的JS文件 -->
<script src="http://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
<script>
/**
* 防抖函數(shù)
* @param func 需要防抖的函數(shù)
* @param delay 延遲時(shí)間,單位毫秒
* @returns {Function}
*/
function debounce(func, delay) {
let timer = null;
return function(...args) {
if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => {
func.apply(this, args);
timer = null;
}, delay);
};
}
$(document).ready(function () {
const $button = $('#debounceButton');
const $responseDiv = $('#responseMessage');
/**
* 發(fā)送請(qǐng)求的函數(shù)
*/
function sendRequest() {
$.ajax({
url: '/api/test',
method: 'GET',
success: function(data) {
$responseDiv
.removeClass('alert-danger')
.addClass('alert-success')
.text(data)
.show();
},
error: function(xhr) {
$responseDiv
.removeClass('alert-success')
.addClass('alert-danger')
.text('請(qǐng)求過(guò)于頻繁,請(qǐng)稍后再試!')
.show();
}
});
}
// 使用防抖函數(shù)包裝sendRequest,防止頻繁點(diǎn)擊
const debouncedSendRequest = debounce(sendRequest, 500); // 500毫秒內(nèi)只執(zhí)行一次
$button.on('click', debouncedSendRequest);
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
總結(jié)
在本文中,我們深入探討了幾種常見(jiàn)的接口防抖策略——時(shí)間窗口、令牌桶、滑動(dòng)窗口,并展示了如何在 Spring Boot 3.3 項(xiàng)目中實(shí)現(xiàn)這些策略。通過(guò)配置文件的靈活選擇,可以在不同場(chǎng)景下使用不同的防抖策略,從而優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)的性能和穩(wěn)定性。此外,我們還介紹了如何在前端頁(yè)面中使用 Jquery 實(shí)現(xiàn)按鈕的防抖點(diǎn)擊,進(jìn)一步防止用戶重復(fù)操作。通過(guò)這些防抖手段,可以有效地降低系統(tǒng)的負(fù)載,提高用戶體驗(yàn),避免潛在的系統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。