初步講解如何處理Ruby字符串
Ruby語言作為一種完全面向?qū)ο蟮慕忉屝湍_本語言,可以幫助我們簡單實現(xiàn)許多功能需求。其靈活性逐步的被廣大編程人員所接受。#t#
Ruby字符串可以像數(shù)字一樣處理.我們用單引號('...')或雙引號("...")將它們括起來.
- ruby> "abc"
- "abc"
- ruby> 'abc'
- "abc"
單引號和雙引號在某些情況下有不同的作用.一個由雙引號括起來的字符串允許字符由一個前置的斜杠引出,而且可以用#{}內(nèi)嵌表達(dá)式.而單引號括起來的字符串并不會對Ruby字符串作任何解釋;你看到的是什么便是什么.幾個例子:
- ruby> print "a\nb\nc","\n"
- a
- c
- nil
- ruby> print 'a\nb\n',"\n"
- a\nb\nc
- nil
- ruby> "\n"
- "\n"
- ruby> '\n'
- "\\n"
- ruby> "\001"
- "\001"
- ruby> '\001'
- "\\001"
- ruby> "abcd #{5*3} efg"
- "abcd 15 efg"
- ruby> var = " abc "
- " abc "
- ruby> "1234#{var}5678"
- "1234 abc 5678"
Ruby字符串操作比C更靈巧,更直觀.比如說,你可以用+把幾個串連起來,用*把一個串重復(fù)好幾遍:
- ruby> "foo" + "bar"
- "foobar"
- ruby> "foo" * 2
- "foofoo"
相比之下,在C里,因為需要精確的內(nèi)存管理,串聯(lián)Ruby字符串要笨拙的多:
- char *s = malloc(strlen
(s1)+strlen(s2)+1);- strcpy(s, s1);
- strcat(s, s2);
- /* ... */
- free(s);
但對于Ruby字符串,我們不需要考慮字符串的空間占用問題,這令到我們可以從煩瑣的內(nèi)存管理中解脫出來.
下面是一些字符串的處理,
串聯(lián):
- ruby> word =
"fo" + "o"- "foo"
重復(fù):
- ruby> wordword = word * 2
- "foofoo"
抽取字符(注意:在Ruby字符串里,字符被視為整數(shù)):
- ruby> word[0]
- 102 # 102 is ASCII code of `f'
- ruby> word[-1]
- 111 # 111 is ASCII code of `o'
(負(fù)的索引指從字符串尾算起的偏移量,而不是從串頭.)
提取子串:
- ruby> herb = "parsley"
- "parsley"
- ruby> herb[0,1]
- "p"
- ruby> herb[-2,2]
- "ey"
- ruby> herb[0..3]
- "pars"
- ruby> herb[-5..-2]
- "rsle"
檢查相等:
- ruby> "foo" == "foo"
- true
- ruby> "foo" == "bar"
- false
注意:在Ruby 1.0里,以上結(jié)果以大寫字母出現(xiàn).
好,讓我們來試試這些Ruby字符串特性.下面是一個猜詞的謎題,可能"謎題"這個詞用在下面的東西上太酷了一點;-)
- # save this as guess.rb
- words = ['foobar', 'baz', 'quux']
- secret = words[rand(3)]
- print "guess? "
- while guess = STDIN.gets
- guess.chop!
- if guess == secret
- print "You win!\n"
- break
- else
- print "Sorry, you lose.\n"
- end
- print "guess? "
- end
- print "The word was ",
secret, ".\n"
現(xiàn)在,別太擔(dān)心Ruby字符串代碼細(xì)節(jié)了.下面是謎題程序運行的一個對話。
- % ruby guess.rb
- guess? foobar
- Sorry, you lose.
- guess? quux
- Sorry, you lose.
- guess? ^D
- The word was baz.