RIP配置的完美攻略
對于RIP協(xié)議,大家可能是比較熟悉了。這個(gè)協(xié)議的使用是非常廣泛的。在很多組網(wǎng)中,都會應(yīng)用這個(gè)協(xié)議。如果你還不會RIP配置的話,也不用著急,接下來我們就來細(xì)致地講解一下配置過程,保準(zhǔn)大家都能學(xué)會。
IP地址配置
我們可以使用interface命令進(jìn)入局部配置模式,然后利用ip address設(shè)置接口的IP地址.如下所示.
- testBJ#conf t
- Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
- testBJ(config)#interface e0/1
- testBJ(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
- testBJ(config-if)#
為了便于配置和記憶,你還可以給每個(gè)端口添加一些描述信息.如下所示,在端口局部配置模式下使用description命令.
- testBJ(config-if)#description connect to testSH
- testBJ(config-if)#end
- testBJ#
有些網(wǎng)絡(luò)是NBMA(Non-Broadcast MultiAccess,非廣播多路訪問)的,即網(wǎng)絡(luò)上不允許廣播傳送數(shù)據(jù).對于這種網(wǎng)絡(luò),RIP就不能依賴廣播傳遞路由表了.解決方法有很多,最簡單的是指定鄰居(neighbor),即指定將路由表發(fā)送給某一臺特定的路由器.
RIP配置
RIP配置是最容易的.配置它只需要兩步操作,首先,指定使用RIP協(xié)議,然后,聲明所連接的網(wǎng)絡(luò)號,如下所示.
- testBJ(config)#router rip
- testBJ(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
- testBJ(config-router)#end
- testBJ#
router rip命令用于指定使用RIP協(xié)議,network命令聲明網(wǎng)絡(luò)號,由于RIP是一個(gè)有類路由協(xié)議,所以不必聲明各個(gè)子網(wǎng)號.對每一臺路由器重復(fù)上述操作,一個(gè)使用RIP路由的網(wǎng)絡(luò)就建成了.
測試RIP配置正確性
RIP配置之后,要檢查數(shù)據(jù)是否可以被正確路由.除了可以使用上面提到的連通性測試工具之外,還有以下幾個(gè)命令:
sh ip route用于檢測路由表;
sh ip protocols用于檢查路由協(xié)議狀況;
debug ip rip用于調(diào)試RIP協(xié)議信息.
使用sh ip route命令顯示各臺路由器的路由表.
- testBJ#sh ip route
- Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
- D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
- N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
- E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
- i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2,
- * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
- R 172.16.4.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.2, 00:00:12, Serial1/0
- C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
- C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
- R 172.16.3.0 [120/1] via 172.16.1.3, 00:00:09, Ethernet0/1
- [120/1] via 172.16.2.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
上面顯示的是北京路由器的路由信息.字母C開頭的是直接相連的網(wǎng)絡(luò),有172.16.1.0和172.16.2.0,分別連接在e0/1和s1/0端口上.字母R開頭的是RIP協(xié)議學(xué)習(xí)到的路由,有172.16.3.0和172.16.4.0,其中,到172.16.3.0有兩條路徑供選擇,分別經(jīng)由testSH和testTJ路由器.對比網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)鋱D,可以看出實(shí)際情況與設(shè)計(jì)的完全一致.中括號里的內(nèi)容是路由項(xiàng)的管理距離和度量值,RIP配置的缺省管理距離是120,到達(dá)3、4子網(wǎng)的度量值是1,即經(jīng)過1個(gè)路由器可達(dá).同樣的命令在另外兩臺路由器上運(yùn)行,結(jié)果如下.
- testSH#sh ip route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
- R 172.16.4.0 [120/1] via 172.16.3.2, 00:00:13, Ethernet0/0
- C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
- R 172.16.2.0 [120/1] via 172.16.1.2, 00:00:11, Ethernet0/1
- [120/1] via 172.16.3.2, 00:00:13, Ethernet0/0
- C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
- testTJ#sh ip route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
- C 172.16.4.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
- R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.3.3, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/1
- [120/1] via 172.16.2.3, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
- C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
- C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
分析上述命令輸出時(shí),一定要隨時(shí)參照拓?fù)鋱D,離開網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)?上面的信息就沒有任何意義.動態(tài)路由的靈活性體現(xiàn)在一條鏈路出現(xiàn)故障,路由算法會自動切換到迂回鏈路上.例如我們將testBJ和testTJ之間的串行線纜斷開,一段時(shí)間后,再檢查路由表,如下所示.
- testBJ#sh ip route
- Gateway of last resort is not set
- 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
- R 172.16.4.0 [120/2] via 172.16.1.3, 00:00:22, Ethernet0/1
- C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
- R 172.16.3.0 [120/1] via 172.16.1.3, 00:00:22, Ethernet0/1
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)串行鏈路所在的子網(wǎng)2斷開了,到網(wǎng)絡(luò)172.16.4.0網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)包都將繞經(jīng)testSH路由器.
sh ip protocols命令可以顯示當(dāng)前路由協(xié)議的狀況,如下所示.
- testBJ#sh ip protocols
- Routing Protocol is "rip"
- Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 19 seconds
- Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
- Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
- Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
- Redistributing: connected, rip
- Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
- Interface Send Recv Key-chain
- Ethernet0/1 1 1 2
- Serial1/0 1 1 2
- Routing for Networks:
- 172.16.0.0
- Routing Information Sources:
- Gateway Distance Last Update
- 172.16.2.2 120 00:00:05
- 172.16.1.3 120 00:00:27
- Distance: (default is 120)
從命令輸出中,可以看出RIP配置,還可以得知與當(dāng)前路由器交換信息的路由器有testTJ(172.16.2.2)和testSH(172.16.1.3)兩臺路由器,上次接收路由信息分別在5秒和27秒之前.要了解路由器之間交換路由信息的詳情,可以使用debug ip rip命令.如下所示,輸入命令后,隔一段時(shí)間,控制臺上出現(xiàn)接收或者發(fā)送RIP廣播的信息.
- testBJ#debug ip rip
- RIP protocol debugging is on
- testBJ#
- RIP: received v1 update from 172.16.2.2 on Serial1/0
- 172.16.4.0 in 1 hops
- 172.16.3.0 in 1 hops
- RIP: received v1 update from 172.16.1.3 on Ethernet0/1
- 172.16.4.0 in 2 hops
- 172.16.3.0 in 1 hops
- RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0/1 (172.16.1.2)
- subnet 172.16.4.0, metric 2
- subnet 172.16.2.0, metric
- RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial1/0 (172.16.2.3)
- subnet 172.16.1.0, metric 1
- RIP: received v1 update from 172.16.1.3 on Ethernet0/1
- 172.16.4.0 in 2 hops
- 172.16.3.0 in 1 hops
- RIP: received v1 update from 172.16.2.2 on Serial1/0
- 172.16.4.0 in 1 hops
- 172.16.3.0 in 1 hops
- testBJ#no debug all
- All possible debugging has been turned off
- testBJ#
從上述RIP配置信息中可以得到RIP廣播的詳情.路由器先是從testTJ收到子網(wǎng)3、4的信息,然后又從testSH收到子網(wǎng)3、4的信息.其中,到子網(wǎng)4走testTJ一跳,走testSH兩跳,所以,路由表中反映出來的是經(jīng)由testTJ到子網(wǎng)4;到子網(wǎng)3的距離都是一跳,所以,路由表中有兩條并列的路由.一段時(shí)間后,當(dāng)前路由器的更新計(jì)時(shí)達(dá)到30秒,于是,它在兩條鏈路上廣播自身的路由表信息.注意,廣播路由更新時(shí),RIP采用了水平分割機(jī)制,從一個(gè)端口上學(xué)得的信息就不在這個(gè)端口上進(jìn)行廣播,所以當(dāng)前路由器testBJ只發(fā)送子網(wǎng)172.16.1.0的路由信息.使用no debug all命令結(jié)束調(diào)試信息的顯示.需要注意的是debug命令非常消耗路由器資源,所以不要在通訊繁忙的路由器上使用,否則,路由器就會象死機(jī)一樣停止反應(yīng).