軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)源協(xié)議
作者：鐵打的小易
在項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)中我們有時(shí)候可能需要用到一些開(kāi)源的軟件，因此需要對(duì)常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)源協(xié)議有所了解，避免出現(xiàn)一些法律問(wèn)題。 本文介紹常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)源協(xié)議如BSD, GPL, LGPL,Apache,MIT等，說(shuō)明在使用這些開(kāi)源協(xié)議軟件時(shí)需要注意的事項(xiàng)。
BSD
BSD開(kāi)源協(xié)議是一個(gè)給于使用者很大自由的協(xié)議?；旧鲜褂谜呖梢?ldquo;為所欲為”,可以自由的使用，修改源代碼，也可以將修改后的代碼作為開(kāi)源或者專有軟件再發(fā)布。
但“為所欲為”的前提當(dāng)你發(fā)布使用了BSD協(xié)議的代碼，或則以BSD協(xié)議代碼為基礎(chǔ)做二次開(kāi)發(fā)自己的產(chǎn)品時(shí)，需要滿足三個(gè)條件：
1、如果再發(fā)布的產(chǎn)品中包含源代碼，則在源代碼中必須帶有原來(lái)代碼中的BSD協(xié)議。
2、如果再發(fā)布的只是二進(jìn)制類庫(kù)/軟件，則需要在類庫(kù)/軟件的文檔和版權(quán)聲明中包含原來(lái)代碼中的BSD協(xié)議。
3、不可以用開(kāi)源代碼的作者/機(jī)構(gòu)名字和原來(lái)產(chǎn)品的名字做市場(chǎng)推廣。
BSD 代碼鼓勵(lì)代碼共享，但需要尊重代碼作者的著作權(quán)。BSD由于允許使用者修改和重新發(fā)布代碼，也允許使用或在BSD代碼上開(kāi)發(fā)商業(yè)軟件發(fā)布和銷售，因此是對(duì)商業(yè)集成很友好的協(xié)議。而很多的公司企業(yè)在選用開(kāi)源產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候都首選BSD協(xié)議，因?yàn)榭梢酝耆刂七@些第三方的代碼，在必要的時(shí)候可以修改或者二次開(kāi)發(fā)。Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of the <organization> nor the
names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
Apache Licence 2.0
Apache Licence是著名的非盈利開(kāi)源組織Apache采用的協(xié)議。該協(xié)議和BSD類似，同樣鼓勵(lì)代碼共享和尊重原作者的著作權(quán)，同樣允許代碼修改，再發(fā)布（作為開(kāi)源或商業(yè)軟件）。需要滿足的條件也和BSD類似：
1、需要給代碼的用戶一份Apache Licence；
2、如果你修改了代碼，需要再被修改的文件中說(shuō)明；
3、在延伸的代碼中（修改和有源代碼衍生的代碼中）需要帶有原來(lái)代碼中的協(xié)議，商標(biāo)，專利聲明和其他原來(lái)作者規(guī)定需要包含的說(shuō)明。
4、如果再發(fā)布的產(chǎn)品中包含一個(gè)Notice文件，則在Notice文件中需要帶有Apache Licence。你可以在Notice中增加自己的許可，但不可以表現(xiàn)為對(duì)Apache Licence構(gòu)成更改。
Apache Licence也是對(duì)商業(yè)應(yīng)用友好的許可。使用者也可以在需要的時(shí)候修改代碼來(lái)滿足需要并作為開(kāi)源或商業(yè)產(chǎn)品發(fā)布/銷售。
Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
GPL
我們很熟悉的Linux就是采用了GPL。GPL協(xié)議和BSD, Apache Licence等鼓勵(lì)代碼重用的許可很不一樣。GPL的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是代碼的開(kāi)源/免費(fèi)使用和引用/修改/衍生代碼的開(kāi)源/免費(fèi)使用，但不允許修改后和衍生的代碼做為閉源的商業(yè)軟件發(fā)布和銷售。這也就是為什么我們能用免費(fèi)的各種linux，包括商業(yè)公司的linux和linux上各種各樣的由個(gè)人，組織，以及商業(yè)軟件公司開(kāi)發(fā)的免費(fèi)軟件了。
GPL協(xié)議的主要內(nèi)容是只要在一個(gè)軟件中使用(“使用”指類庫(kù)引用，修改后的代碼或者衍生代碼)GPL 協(xié)議的產(chǎn)品，則該軟件產(chǎn)品必須也采用GPL協(xié)議，既必須也是開(kāi)源和免費(fèi)。這就是所謂的”傳染性”。GPL協(xié)議的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的產(chǎn)品使用沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題，還可以享受免費(fèi)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
由于GPL嚴(yán)格要求使用了GPL類庫(kù)的軟件產(chǎn)品必須使用GPL協(xié)議，對(duì)于使用GPL協(xié)議的開(kāi)源代碼，商業(yè)軟件或者對(duì)代碼有保密要求的部門就不適合集成/采用作為類庫(kù)和二次開(kāi)發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)。
其它細(xì)節(jié)如再發(fā)布的時(shí)候需要伴隨GPL協(xié)議等和BSD/Apache等類似。
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
LGPL
LGPL是GPL的一個(gè)為主要為類庫(kù)使用設(shè)計(jì)的開(kāi)源協(xié)議。和GPL要求任何使用/修改/衍生之GPL類庫(kù)的的軟件必須采用GPL協(xié)議不同。LGPL允許商業(yè)軟件通過(guò)類庫(kù)引用(link)方式使用LGPL類庫(kù)而不需要開(kāi)源商業(yè)軟件的代碼。這使得采用LGPL協(xié)議的開(kāi)源代碼可以被商業(yè)軟件作為類庫(kù)引用并發(fā)布和銷售。 但是如果修改LGPL協(xié)議的代碼或者衍生，則所有修改的代碼，涉及修改部分的額外代碼和衍生的代碼都必須采用LGPL協(xié)議。因此LGPL協(xié)議的開(kāi)源代碼很適合作為第三方類庫(kù)被商業(yè)軟件引用，但不適合希望以LGPL協(xié)議代碼為基礎(chǔ)，通過(guò)修改和衍生的方式做二次開(kāi)發(fā)的商業(yè)軟件采用。
GPL/LGPL都保障原作者的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，避免有人利用開(kāi)源代碼復(fù)制并開(kāi)發(fā)類似的產(chǎn)品。
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holders>
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
MIT
MIT是和BSD一樣寬范的許可協(xié)議,作者只想保留版權(quán),而無(wú)任何其他了限制.也就是說(shuō),你必須在你的發(fā)行版里包含原許可協(xié)議的聲明,無(wú)論你是以二進(jìn)制發(fā)布的還是以源代碼發(fā)布的。
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holders>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
總結(jié)
如果你在開(kāi)發(fā)軟件中用到了GPL許可證的軟件，那么你自己的軟件也必須GPL開(kāi)源了，這對(duì)于商業(yè)軟件是很難接受的，因此我們?cè)谲浖_(kāi)發(fā)中要避免使用GPL開(kāi)源的軟件。
LGPL，Apache License，BSD，MIT這些協(xié)議就寬松很多，只需要在使用時(shí)對(duì)原作者的工作進(jìn)行必要的認(rèn)可和尊重即可，所以這些是適合商業(yè)應(yīng)用的。
責(zé)任編輯：彭凡
來(lái)源：
博客園
