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HTML 5:足以改變我們未來生活的十項(xiàng)提示

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HTML5代表著Web發(fā)展的未來方向。無論大家身為開發(fā)人員還是高級用戶,關(guān)于這一Web編程新基礎(chǔ)的種種態(tài)勢都值得各位高度關(guān)注。

HTML5代表著Web發(fā)展的未來方向。無論大家身為開發(fā)人員還是高級用戶,關(guān)于這一Web編程新基礎(chǔ)的種種態(tài)勢都值得各位高度關(guān)注。

(Image: HTML5 logo and wordmark by W3C. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.)

如果大家還沒有意識到,那我們先要強(qiáng)調(diào)一句——Web世界已經(jīng)徹底改變了。時(shí)至今日,網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行、實(shí)時(shí)視頻聊天以及短視頻共享已經(jīng)成為Web領(lǐng)域的立足根基,而接下來還將有更多極具突破性的趨勢及成果不斷涌現(xiàn)。正因?yàn)槿绱?,這一根基才需要迎接進(jìn)一步升級。

超文本標(biāo)記語言(簡稱HTML)正是瀏覽器所使用的語言。作為原本立足于面向文檔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通用標(biāo)記語言(簡稱SGML)的衍生產(chǎn)物,HTML在其早期的四個版本中只需要滿足最初學(xué)術(shù)性用戶對于Web功能的需求。但隨著用戶對于各類功能的進(jìn)一步渴望——從安全加密傳輸?shù)揭曨l媒體——API、SDK、插件庫以及外部應(yīng)用程序全部被融入到了HTML當(dāng)中,從而在最大程度上迎合個人及企業(yè)用戶對Web提出的要求。因此2004年,Web超文本應(yīng)用技術(shù)工作組(簡稱WHATWG)開始著手構(gòu)建一套新的HTML版本,這就是HTML 5。

2014年10月28日,萬維網(wǎng)聯(lián)盟(簡稱W3C)——此前曾聯(lián)手WHATWG共同開發(fā)出相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——發(fā)布了作為穩(wěn)定推薦版本的HTML 5方案,換言之這套方案已經(jīng)“徹底完成”。現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)能夠立足于自身系統(tǒng),充分享受由HTML 5所帶來的種種便利。

但這些便利具體包括什么呢?實(shí)際效果可能取決于大家到底身為開發(fā)人員抑或是普通用戶。對于開發(fā)人員而言,HTML 5能夠顯著簡化大家的日常工作——相較于HTML 4.1及以下版本而言,這是因?yàn)楹笳甙罅课覀冊缫褩壷挥玫牟寮邦~外內(nèi)容。這絕對是件好事,不過從短期角度出發(fā),我們?nèi)匀恍枰剂科渌恍┖罄m(xù)問題。

對用戶來說,日常生活則會得到簡化,這是因?yàn)橛缮鲜霾寮鶐淼陌踩┒醇凹嫒菪詥栴}將不復(fù)存在,因此我們再也用不著為了正常瀏覽網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容而積累豐富的安全經(jīng)驗(yàn)。此外,瀏覽器的使用體驗(yàn)也將被拓展到更多設(shè)備平臺之上,這將使得桌面設(shè)備與移動設(shè)備擁有更為統(tǒng)一的觀看感受。誰不喜歡這樣呢,對吧?

值得著重強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,HTML 5是一套尚處于早期發(fā)展階段的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這意味著其前進(jìn)道路上還將迎來多次飛躍,并將沿途帶來諸多驚喜。正是考慮到這一點(diǎn),我們認(rèn)為它能夠切實(shí)幫助整個業(yè)界以新的方式完成Web頁面的構(gòu)建工作。

如果大家本身正是HTML 5編程人員,那么前面提到的內(nèi)容對您來說肯定屬于陳詞濫調(diào)了——而且大家當(dāng)然也會希望能從我們這得到點(diǎn)更加新鮮有料的消息。希望各位能在評論欄中闡述您的體會與規(guī)劃,相信這一切都將成為HTML 5向HTML 5.1進(jìn)化的重要信息依托(這一升級將從明年正式開始)。好了,閑言少敘,咱們馬上進(jìn)入正題。

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HTML5是一種新型語言

HTML5 Is A New Language
From HTML to HTML4.2, every iteration of HTML was based on SGML, a document description language developed by IBM in the 1960s. While the language evolved and grew, it had a consistent basis. That's no longer the case. HTML5 is a whole new language that's not based on SGML. For Web users this will have no impact at all -- most have never heard of SGML and wouldn't know what to do with HTML if it bit them on the hand. For developers, though, it means that a lot of the 'muscle memory' regarding common tags and features will have to be re-learned. That's not necessarily a bad thing, but it is something to keep in mind as you're thinking about schedules and deadlines.
The good news is that HTML5 is backward-compatible with earlier versions of HTML, so code developed last year should continue to make pages appear this year. That's great for continuity, but we know from experience that some organizations will use this to be lazy. Don't do that: Move beyond cut-and-paste and develop your new HTML5 code from scratch. You'll be glad you did.
(Image: Dreftymac via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.5, modified by Curtis Franklin, Jr., for InformationWeek)

從HTML到HTML 4.2,HTML的每一次迭代都以SGML為基礎(chǔ)——也就是由IBM公司在上世紀(jì)六十年代開發(fā)出的這款文檔描述語言。盡管HTML一直在不斷發(fā)展演進(jìn),但其最為根本的出發(fā)點(diǎn)始終保持不變。然而如今這一情況得到了扭轉(zhuǎn)。HTML 5是一種全新語言,不再立足于SGML。對于Web用戶來說,這不會對他們的正常使用產(chǎn)生任何影響——大部分普通用戶可能根本沒聽說過SGML,也不知道以此為基礎(chǔ)會對HTML產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響。不過對于開發(fā)人員而言,這意味著多年來在常用標(biāo)簽以及功能領(lǐng)域建立起的“肌肉記憶”需要再次更新甚至從頭學(xué)習(xí)。這倒并不一定是件壞事,不過請各位記住,我們必須要在最后期限之前完成適應(yīng)與學(xué)習(xí),否則就會被歷史的洪流所吞沒。

好消息是,HTML 5仍然能夠向下兼容其它早期HTML版本,因此去年才剛剛開始的代碼編寫工作仍然能夠在今年提供正常的頁面顯示效果。這種延續(xù)性確實(shí)值得稱道,不過根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),我們可以想見會有不少企業(yè)由于懶得升級而繼續(xù)停滯不前。千萬別這么做:不要再依賴于剪切加粘貼了,請從頭開始重新開發(fā)新的HTML 5代碼。事實(shí)最終會證明,這才是最明智的應(yīng)對之道。

我們需要一款新的瀏覽器

You'll Need A New Browser
Remember when we said that HTML5 is backward-compatible? That's true. What's not true is that browsers built for HTML4 are forward-compatible with HTML5. If your organization has standardized on an earlier version of a particular browser (and yes, all you groups that insist on an old version of Internet Explorer, we're looking at you), then HTML5 is the clarion call notifying you that it's time to upgrade.
The current versions of all major browsers support HTML5. They're also safer and more reliable than the older versions. Start planning now.
(Image: geralt via Pixabay)

還記得我們剛剛提到過的HTML 5向下兼容能力吧?這種兼容能力的確存在,但需要注意的是,面向HTML 4以及更早版本打造的瀏覽器方案將無法與HTML 5順利對接。如果大家所在的企業(yè)一直將某套早期特定瀏覽器版本作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(沒錯,那些仍然在堅(jiān)持使用IE瀏覽器早期版本的朋友,批評的就是你),那么HTML 5已經(jīng)發(fā)出了沖鋒的號角——是時(shí)候馬上動手推動升級工作了。

目前的各大主流瀏覽器版本都支持HTML 5。它們在安全水平與可靠性方面也要比早期版本好得多。所以馬上作出規(guī)劃,別再坐以待斃啦!

新的瀏覽器折衷途徑

New Browser Workaround
OK, so if you (or your CIO) are going to be really stubborn about the whole 'new browser' thing, there's a kludgy way to get around the requirement. You can define HTML5 code as block elements in your older HTML code and insert HTML5 elements there. It will work, and might even work well. But you won't feel good about yourself.
If there's some legitimate reason that you absolutely cannot upgrade to a current browser then this could work, unless...
You're stuck on a version of Internet Explorer prior to IE8. Then you have a problem, because Microsoft didn't allow you to define unknown code in a style. There's a Javascript workaround (search on 'HTML5' and 'the shiv') but you're starting to stack kludge on kludge and we know how well that tends to work out, don't we?
(Image: geralt via Pixabay)

好的,如果您(或者您所在企業(yè)的CIO)對于采用“全新瀏覽器”始終保持固執(zhí)的態(tài)度,那么咱們也可以通過折衷的辦法加以解決。大家可以在早期HTML代碼當(dāng)中將HTML 5代碼定義為塊元素,并將HTML 5元素插入其中。這確實(shí)能夠奏效,甚至效果還相當(dāng)不錯。但我敢肯定,大家自己對此不會太滿意。

只要有合理的原因作為依托,大家完全可以通過以上方式暫解燃眉之急——無需升級即可擁抱HTML 5,簡直機(jī)智!除非……

大家仍然堅(jiān)持使用IE 8之前的陳舊瀏覽器版本。在這種情況下,各位一定會遇到麻煩,因?yàn)槲④浌静⒉辉试S我們在樣式當(dāng)中定義未知代碼。在這種情況下,JavaScript也能夠起到折衷的作用(大家在搜索引擎中輸入‘HTML 5’再加上‘the siv’即可),但這無疑會讓問題更為復(fù)雜,而且我們都知道最終會帶來怎樣的結(jié)果——對吧?

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視頻播放更加輕松

Video Is A Lot Easier
Making video happen in HTML4 is something of a pain. It's not that no one knows how to do it. It's that there are several possible methods, none of which come from the language itself. It's all about the plug-in. This has worked, most of the time, but all of us have seen the various sad-face computer icons that tell us one plug-in or another has crashed, needs to be updated, or isn't available.
HTML5 avoids all of that because video is a media type defined within the language itself. Want to include a video on your page? It's as simple in HTML5 as including a static image is in HTML4. If you've ever spent time wrestling with the inclusion code for a custom video player, you'll likely weep with joy the first time you write a video page in HTML5. And for users, those cute cat videos became much more reliable.
Now, there are still a few wrinkles: Not all browsers offer identical support for all video media types. In general, though, if you stick with the new WebM video format you should be fine.
(Image: geralt via Pixabay)

在HTML 4上實(shí)現(xiàn)視頻播放實(shí)在令人有些抓狂。這并不是說大家不知道該如何解決,但最糟糕的是僅有的幾種可能性解決辦法沒有一樣能夠依靠語言本身來完成。換言之,所有工作都得依托于插件。雖然在大多數(shù)情況下,我們最終也能得到預(yù)期的效果,但相信每位朋友——無論是開發(fā)人員還是普通用戶——都曾在瀏覽器上看到由視頻引發(fā)的沮喪小臉圖標(biāo),這代表著某款插件出了問題、需要更新或者暫時(shí)不可用。

HTML 5能夠避免上述所有問題,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在視頻能夠作為媒體類型在語言內(nèi)部直接加以定義。打算在自己的頁面當(dāng)中引入一段視頻?在HTML 5中完成這項(xiàng)工作,其難度跟在HTML 4中插入一幅靜態(tài)圖片差不多。如果大家曾經(jīng)花過大量時(shí)間研究如何向可定制視頻播放器里添加代碼,那么如今輕松易行的HTML 5視頻頁面編寫方式絕對能讓您長出一口惡氣。而對于普通用戶來說,這些可愛的短視頻內(nèi)容也將擁有更為穩(wěn)定的播放效果。

現(xiàn)在HTML 5面對的幾個主要問題是:并不是所有瀏覽器都能夠?yàn)槿魏我曨l媒體類型提供支持。不過總體而言,只要大家堅(jiān)持使用新的WebM視頻格式,那么整個開發(fā)流程應(yīng)該不會遇到任何阻礙。

動畫已被包含于其中

Animation Is Included
How many of you remember having to learn Flash in order to do cool animated effects on your Web page? If you didn't learn Flash, you worked with a designer who inserted blocks of magical mystery code into your otherwise very solid page. Those days are over, and pretty much everyone (including Adobe) seems happy about it.
HTML5 includes all the features you need to build animation into your page. You can even do advanced 3D animation without having to resort to any external code. That's very cool. It's also far more secure and reliable than earlier methods, and we all know that we love security and reliability almost as much as we love a dancing carrot that comes to show us which button we should choose next.
Another benefit: You no longer have to think about which device your page will display on. Any browser that supports HTML5 on any device will show your nifty animation just fine.
(Image: ClkerFreeVectorImages via Pixabay)

不知道還有多少朋友記得自己為了在Web頁面當(dāng)中加入酷炫的動畫效果而被迫學(xué)習(xí)Flash?如果大家沒有接觸過Flash,那就必須得跟專門的設(shè)計(jì)人員進(jìn)行配合——后者會在原本穩(wěn)定的頁面當(dāng)中加入大段神秘代碼,而這有可能引發(fā)各類潛在問題。不過痛苦的時(shí)光已經(jīng)過去,如今幾乎每個人(包括Adobe公司在內(nèi))都對HTML 5的新能力感到振奮。

HTML 5當(dāng)中包含有我們在頁面內(nèi)創(chuàng)建動畫效果時(shí)所需要的全部功能。大家甚至可以在無需引入任何外部代碼的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的3D動畫,這一點(diǎn)非常值得稱道。此外,與早先的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式相比,如今的內(nèi)置功能也把安全性與可靠性水平推向了新的高度。很顯然,對于每一位開發(fā)人員來說,安全性與可靠性都跟開發(fā)成果的自身品質(zhì)緊密相關(guān)。

另一大進(jìn)步:我們用不著再考慮自己的頁面會顯示在哪些設(shè)備之上了。任何一款支持HTML 5的瀏覽器都能在全部設(shè)備上正常顯示各位精心設(shè)計(jì)出的動畫效果。

視頻通話全面來臨

Video Calling Is Coming
Animation is very cool, but browser-based video calling and collaboration through a protocol called WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communications) could be a serious game changer. While not strictly a part of the HTML5 protocol, HTML5 browsers have the capability to take advantage of WebRTC in a serious way.
Imagine building a video-conferencing feature for your Web site with three lines of code. You can do that with WebRTC. It's seriously cool. It's also fairly new, so some issues are still being resolved. One of them has been a security flaw that compromised some VPNs. Another is the fact that WebRTC is a point-to-point system -- the calls don't have to go through a central server. That's great for reducing data center overhead, but the effect on overall network traffic isn't yet known. It could be trivial, or it could blow previous network planning models out of the water.
The issues will almost certainly be resolved because WebRTC seems just too darned useful to ignore. Add it to your HTML5 coding repertoire, and collaboration and customer support could both shift into a much higher gear.
(Image: PublicDomainPictures via Pixabay)

動畫效果當(dāng)然很酷,不過基于瀏覽器的視頻通話與協(xié)作模式如今亦可通過名為WebRTC(即Web實(shí)時(shí)通信)的協(xié)議得到實(shí)現(xiàn)——這幾乎從根本上改變了游戲規(guī)則。盡管并不嚴(yán)格隸屬于HTML 5協(xié)議范疇,但HTML 5瀏覽器確實(shí)能夠發(fā)揮WebRTC所帶來的功能優(yōu)勢。

想象一下,只需要三行代碼即可為自己的網(wǎng)站帶來視頻會議功能——這是多么令人振奮的目標(biāo)。不是做夢,現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)可以通過WebRTC實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。不過由于尚處于早期發(fā)展階段,WebRTC仍然存在幾個尚未解決的問題。首先就是其中的一項(xiàng)安全漏洞有可能影響到某些VPN。另外就是,WebRTC實(shí)際上是一套點(diǎn)到點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)——其調(diào)用不一定需要經(jīng)由中央服務(wù)器。雖然這樣的設(shè)計(jì)能夠有效降低數(shù)據(jù)中心的實(shí)際負(fù)荷,但卻有可能給全局網(wǎng)絡(luò)流量帶來難以控制的影響。這要么會帶來大量小型數(shù)據(jù)流,要么會讓未考慮到此類狀況的網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃模型面臨沉重的傳輸負(fù)擔(dān)。

但這個問題幾乎肯定能夠得到解決,因?yàn)閃ebRTC極具現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,業(yè)界根本不可能忽略其核心價(jià)值之上的這一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)瑕疵。將其引入HTML 5代碼庫,協(xié)作與客戶支持工作將成為Web開發(fā)當(dāng)中毫不費(fèi)力即可完成的任務(wù)。

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古董級語言仍能正常起效

Old Languages Still Work ...
... and you'll still need them. From Javascript to Python, there are tools that you'll still need to use for getting into databases, figuring out complex actions and processes, and manipulating devices in the real world. They all still work with HTML5 and you'll be glad they do. Now, you'll want to carefully check the tags around their inclusion because they almost certainly have changed, but you'll be able to make it all work.
The same isn't true for a lot of the browser plug-ins and add-ons you've used in the past, especially those that deal with rich media. The odds are good that HTML5 deals with all your media types natively, so you can jettison a lot of the included blocks you've come to know and loathe.
(Image: geralt via Pixabay)

.……而且我們也需要這樣的結(jié)果。從JavaScript到Python,我們?nèi)匀恍枰褂眠@些工具來接入數(shù)據(jù)庫、完成復(fù)雜的操作與處理流程、并對現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的設(shè)備進(jìn)行操控。它們也依舊能與HTML 5順暢協(xié)作,從而繼續(xù)為廣大開發(fā)人員及普通用戶效力。現(xiàn)在,我們需要對與這些語言相關(guān)的標(biāo)簽進(jìn)行認(rèn)真核對——因?yàn)榇蟛糠謽?biāo)簽都在HTML 5當(dāng)中經(jīng)過了修改。但歸根結(jié)底,它們?nèi)匀挥行А?/p>

不過大部分瀏覽器插件以及我們過去已經(jīng)習(xí)慣的外部工具就沒那么好運(yùn)了,特別是那些負(fù)責(zé)處理富媒體對象的方案。好消息是,HTML 5如今單靠自身就能實(shí)現(xiàn)全部媒體類型的原生處理,因此大家也將因此節(jié)約下可觀的時(shí)間與精力。

設(shè)備平臺差異仍然不容忽視

[[140392]]

如果能夠宣布HTML 5已然解決了由不同屏幕尺寸以及功能差異所帶來的各類問題,我們當(dāng)然會為之振奮——但遺憾的是,實(shí)際情況并非如此。雖然我們已經(jīng)能夠以前所未有的方式在不同設(shè)備之間順暢往來,但開發(fā)人員仍然無法保證自己在臺式機(jī)屏幕上設(shè)計(jì)出的頁面成果同樣能在智能手機(jī)上擁有良好表現(xiàn)。不同瀏覽器與設(shè)備平臺之間存在著巨大差異,特別是在HTML 5兼容水平方面。頁面將依舊需要查詢?yōu)g覽器及設(shè)備類型,而后再載入對應(yīng)的方案及版本。對不起,現(xiàn)實(shí)就是這么殘酷……

HTML5全面針對移動設(shè)備

HTML5 Is All About Mobile
With everything said about the fact that you still have to care about which device is used to view a page, HTML5 is a language that acknowledges the fact that the world is moving to mobile. With HTML5, you don't treat mobile devices as strange second-class citizens -- you write dynamic code that assumes that some sort of mobile screen is where your page will display.
The good news is that everything you build into the page, from video to animation, to dynamically sized elements, should display well, even if there are occasional oddities in how sizes display on some devices.
The takeaway? Don't discard your fleet of test devices just yet, but don't assume that your big 27-inch monitor is representative of how everyone will be viewing your page. As Steve Martin famously said, 'Let's get small.'
(Image: YS-Park via Pixabay)

前面剛剛提到,我們?nèi)匀恍枰J(rèn)真思考用戶在查看頁面時(shí)實(shí)際使用的設(shè)備類型。而作為老牌語言家族的新成員,HTML 5當(dāng)然也很清楚如今世界正逐步向移動平臺傾斜。有了HTML 5,大家用不著再將移動設(shè)備當(dāng)成是被全面閹割過的二等公民——我們完全可以編寫動態(tài)代碼,并使其在相當(dāng)一部分移動設(shè)備的屏幕之上得到正常顯示。

好消息是,我們向頁面當(dāng)中添加的全部要素,從視頻到動畫再到動態(tài)尺寸元素,在理論上都能夠得到良好顯示——即使某些設(shè)備上的顯示尺寸偶爾有些奇怪。

那么最終結(jié)論是什么?別忙著拋棄自己的設(shè)備測試流程,也別想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為每個人都會像咱們自己一樣,在27寸顯示器上查看Web頁面。正如Steve Martin的經(jīng)典語錄,“讓我們從小處著手。”

HTML5相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,但這是件好事

HTML5 Is Complicated And That's Good
Compared to HTML4, or even Flash, HTML5 can be complicated and seem non-intuitive. That's good, because it means HTML5 has the power and functions to be the sort of page-description language your organization needs for complex, powerful browser-based applications. That's really the right way to think about it -- as an application language rather than merely a page-description language.
There are hundreds of facilities available online to help you learn HTML5, and plenty of professional education organizations ready to help. Start now -- HTML5 defines the future of the Web as thoroughly as it defines the pages of your site.
Are you already using HTML5? Have you begun to learn the language? We'd love to hear about your experiences. Tell us what you think, and share thoughts on its strengths and weaknesses, in the comments section below.
(Image: geralt via Pixabay)

相較于HTML 4甚至是Flash,HTML 5都顯得有些復(fù)雜甚至不易親近。但這是件好事,因?yàn)檫@意味著HTML 5擁有充足的力量與功能,足以成為企業(yè)客戶在構(gòu)建基于瀏覽器的復(fù)雜而強(qiáng)大的應(yīng)用程序時(shí)所需依靠的頁面描述語言。這才是看待HTML 5的正確方式——它更像是一種應(yīng)用程序語言,而非單純的頁面描述語言。

目前網(wǎng)絡(luò)上有成百上千個相關(guān)站點(diǎn),能夠幫助大家學(xué)習(xí)HTML 5的對應(yīng)知識,另有大量專業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)也為我們準(zhǔn)備了理想的教程方案。從現(xiàn)在開始,HTML 5開始定義Web的未來發(fā)展方向,正如HTML當(dāng)初定義網(wǎng)站頁面之時(shí)一樣。

大家是否已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好迎接HTML 5的降臨了?您是否已經(jīng)開始學(xué)習(xí)這一新型語言?希望各位能在評論欄中談?wù)勛约旱那闆r。您的所見所想,包括您對于HTML 5的評價(jià)——無論好壞——都將極具參考價(jià)值。

原文標(biāo)題:HTML5: 10 Tips That Will Change Your Life

 
責(zé)任編輯:王雪燕 來源: 51CTO
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