抓狂!這條命令執(zhí)行完女朋友都跟人跑了!
作為程序員,時間是金錢,效率是繩命,萬一遇到產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理臨時又加需求,我們常常是這個狀態(tài):
如果是這個狀態(tài),那已經(jīng)是很好的狀況了。萬一如果因為工作忙碌沒時間陪女朋友,那么就很可能免費獲贈一頂精致的 綠 帽 子……
其實不僅僅是我們程序員工作忙,很多系統(tǒng)對時間的要求性也非常高。在工作中,還有很多情況下需要測試一個腳本或者程序運行多少時間,特別是對于時間性要求比較高的系統(tǒng)更是如此。
我們在工作中,寫過一個 Shell 腳本,這個腳本可以從 4 個 NTP 服務(wù)器輪流獲取時間,然后將最可靠的時間設(shè)置為系統(tǒng)時間。
因為我們對于時間的要求比較高,需要在短時間內(nèi)就獲取到正確的時間。所以我們就需要對這個腳本運行時間進(jìn)行測試,看看從開始運行到正確設(shè)置時間需要花費多少時間。
對于時間的測試,我們可以用到一個命令:time 。下面我們就詳細(xì)看看如何使用 time 命令來對腳本/命令進(jìn)行測時。
1. time 命令基本用法
time 命令最基本的用法,就是 time + 命令 ,比如:
- $ time ping baidu.com
- PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.
- 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.83 ms
- 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms
- …………
- ^C
- --- baidu.com ping statistics ---
- 8 packets transmitted, 8 received, 0% packet loss, time 10818ms
- rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.765/2.808/2.862/0.039 ms
- real 0m11.173s
- user 0m0.004s
- sys 0m0.002s
在結(jié)果里,real 表示從我們執(zhí)行 ping 命令到最終按 ctrl+c 終止這段時間所耗費的時間;user 及 sys 分別表示 ping 命令在用戶空間及內(nèi)核空間所運行的時間。
2. 將時間信息寫入文件
如果我們想把時間信息直接寫入到文件,而不是顯示在屏幕上,那么我們可以使用 -o 選項,并指定寫入的文件路徑。
- $ /usr/bin/time -o /home/alvin/time-output.txt ping baidu.com
執(zhí)行這個命令后,ping 命令的輸出結(jié)果依然會在終端里,而 time 命令的結(jié)果就寫入到我們所指定的 time-output.txt 文件里。
-o 選項表示輸出文件不存在就創(chuàng)建,如果存在的話就直接覆蓋重寫。如果我們不想覆蓋重寫,而是想追加在文件后面,我們可以使用 -a 選項。
- $ /usr/bin/time -a /home/smart/time-output.txt ping linoxide.com
3. 顯示更詳細(xì)的時間信息
time 命令不帶選項的話,顯示的信息量比較少,如果我們想獲得更詳細(xì)的信息,那么我們可以使用 -v 選項。
- $ /usr/bin/time -v ping baidu.com
- PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.
- 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.75 ms
- 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.76 ms
- 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=2.85 ms
- 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms
- ^C
- --- baidu.com ping statistics ---
- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3300ms
- rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.751/2.785/2.851/0.075 ms
- Command being timed: "ping baidu.com"
- User time (seconds): 0.00
- System time (seconds): 0.00
- Percent of CPU this job got: 0%
- Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:03.64
- Average shared text size (kbytes): 0
- Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0
- Average stack size (kbytes): 0
- Average total size (kbytes): 0
- Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 2140
- Average resident set size (kbytes): 0
- Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 0
- Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 626
- Voluntary context switches: 10
- Involuntary context switches: 0
- Swaps: 0
- File system inputs: 0
- File system outputs: 0
- Socket messages sent: 0
- Socket messages received: 0
- Signals delivered: 0
- Page size (bytes): 4096
- Exit status: 0
這個結(jié)果信息就相當(dāng)詳細(xì)了,我們可以獲取到足夠多我們所需要的信息。
4. 自定義輸出格式
默認(rèn)情況下,time 命令只輸出 real,usr,sys 三個內(nèi)容,如果我們想要個性化一些,算定義它的輸出格式,time 命令也是支持的。time 命令支持的格式有很多,如下所示:
- C - Name and command line arguments used
- D - Average size of the process's unshared data area in kilobytes
- E - Elapsed time in a clock format
- F - Number of page faults
- I - Number of file system inputs by the process
- K - Average total memory use of the process in kilobytes
- M - Maximum resident set the size of the process during the lifetime in Kilobytes
- O - Number of file system outputs by the process
- P - Percentage of CPU that the job received
- R - Number of minor or recoverable page faults
- S - Total number of CPU seconds used by the system in kernel mode
- U - Total number of CPU seconds used by user mode
- W - Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory
- X - Average amount of shared text in the process
- Z - System's page size in kilobytes
- c - Number of times the process was context-switched
- e - Elapsed real time used by the process in seconds
- k - Number of signals delivered to the process
- p - Average unshared stack size of the process in kilobytes
- r - Number of socket messages received by the process
- s - Number of socket messages sent by the process
- t - Average resident set size of the process in kilobytes
- w - Number of time the process was context-switched voluntarily
- x - Exit status of the command
如果我們想要輸出以下這樣的格式:
- Elapsed Time = 0:01:00, Inputs 2, Outputs 1
我們可以這樣自定義:
- $ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E, Inputs %I, Outputs %O" ping baidu.com
- PING baidu.com (220.181.38.148) 56(84) bytes of data.
- 64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=1.82 ms
- 64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=1.86 ms
- ^C
- --- baidu.com ping statistics ---
- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms
- rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.825/1.859/1.879/0.056 ms
- Elapsed Time = 0:03.92, Inputs 0, Outputs 0
如果你想讓輸出的結(jié)果有換行,可以在對應(yīng)的地方添加 \n ,比如:
- $ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E \n Inputs %I \n Outputs %O" ping baidu.com
這樣輸出的結(jié)果就類似于這樣:
- Elapsed Time = 0:03.92
- Inputs 0
- Outputs 0