一文看懂Python的控制結(jié)構(gòu):For、While、If…都有了
傳統(tǒng)Python語言的主要控制結(jié)構(gòu)是for循環(huán)。然而,需要注意的是for循環(huán)在Pandas中不常用,因此Python中for循環(huán)的有效執(zhí)行并不適用于Pandas模式。一些常見控制結(jié)構(gòu)如下。
- for循環(huán)
- while循環(huán)
- if/else語句
- try/except語句
- 生成器表達(dá)式
- 列表推導(dǎo)式
- 模式匹配
所有的程序最終都需要一種控制執(zhí)行流的方式。本節(jié)介紹一些控制執(zhí)行流的技術(shù)。
01 for循環(huán)
for循環(huán)是Python的一種最基本的控制結(jié)構(gòu)。使用for循環(huán)的一種常見模式是使用range函數(shù)生成數(shù)值范圍,然后對其進(jìn)行迭代。
- res = range(3)
- print(list(res))
- #輸出:[0, 1, 2]
- for i in range(3):
- print(i)
- '''輸出:
- 0
- 1
- 2
- '''
- for循環(huán)列表
使用for循環(huán)的另一種常見模式是對列表進(jìn)行迭代。
- martial_arts = ["Sambo","Muay Thai","BJJ"]
- for martial_art in martial_arts:
- print(f"{ martial_art} has influenced\
- modern mixed martial arts")
- '''輸出:
- Sambo has influenced modern mixed martial arts
- Muay Thai has influenced modern mixed martial arts
- BJJ has influenced modern mixed martial arts
- '''
02 while循環(huán)
while循環(huán)是一種條件有效就會重復(fù)執(zhí)行的循環(huán)方式。while循環(huán)的常見用途是創(chuàng)建無限循環(huán)。在本示例中,while循環(huán)用于過濾函數(shù),該函數(shù)返回兩種攻擊類型中的一種。
- def attacks():
- list_of_attacks = ["lower_body", "lower_body",
- "upper_body"]
- print("There are a total of {lenlist_of_attacks)}\
- attacks coming!")
- for attack in list_of_ attacks:
- yield attack
- attack = attacks()
- count = 0
- while next(attack) == "lower_body":
- count +=1
- print(f"crossing legs to prevent attack #{count}")
- else:
- count += 1
- print(f"This is not lower body attack, \
- I will cross my arms for# count}")
- '''輸出:
- There are a total of 3 attacks coming!
- crossing legs to prevent attack #1
- crossing legs to prevent attack #2
- This is not a lower body attack, I will cross my arms for #3
- '''
03 if/else語句
if/else語句是一條在判斷之間進(jìn)行分支的常見語句。在本示例中,if/elif用于匹配分支。如果沒有匹配項(xiàng),則執(zhí)行最后一條else語句。
- def recommended_attack(position):
- """Recommends an attack based on the position"""
- if position == "full_guard":
- print(f"Try an armbar attack")
- elif position == "half_guard":
- print(f"Try a kimura attack")
- elif position == "fu1l_mount":
- print(f"Try an arm triangle")
- else:
- print(f"You're on your own, \
- there is no suggestion for an attack")
- recommended_attack("full_guard")#輸出:Try an armbar attack
- recommended_attack("z_guard")
- #輸出:You're on your own, there is no suggestion for an attack
04 生成器表達(dá)式
生成器表達(dá)式建立在yield語句的概念上,它允許對序列進(jìn)行惰性求值。生成器表達(dá)式的益處是,在實(shí)際求值計(jì)算前不會對任何內(nèi)容進(jìn)行求值或?qū)⑵浞湃雰?nèi)存。這就是下面的示例可以在生成的無限隨機(jī)攻擊序列中執(zhí)行的原因。
在生成器管道中,諸如 “arm_triangle”的小寫攻擊被轉(zhuǎn)換為“ARM_TRIANGLE”,接下來刪除其中的下劃線,得到“ARM TRIANGLE”。
- def lazy_return_random_attacks():
- """Yield attacks each time"""
- import random
- attacks = {"kimura": "upper_body",
- "straight_ankle_lock": "lower_body",
- "arm_triangle": "upper_body",
- "keylock": "upper_body",
- "knee_bar": "lower_body"}
- while True:
- random_attack random.choices(list(attacks.keys()))
- yield random attack
- #Make all attacks appear as Upper Case
- upper_case_attacks = \
- (attack.pop().upper() for attack in \
- lazy_return_random_attacks())
- next(upper-case_attacks)
- #輸出:ARM-TRIANGLE
- ## Generator Pipeline: One expression chains into the next
- #Make all attacks appear as Upper Case
- upper-case_attacks =\
- (attack. pop().upper() for attack in\
- lazy_return_random_attacks())
- #remove the underscore
- remove underscore =\
- (attack.split("_")for attack in\
- upper-case_attacks)
- #create a new phrase
- new_attack_phrase =\
- (" ".join(phrase) for phrase in\
- remove_underscore)
- next(new_attack_phrase)
- #輸出:'STRAIGHT ANKLE LOCK'
- for number in range(10):
- print(next(new_attack_phrase))
- '''輸出:
- KIMURA
- KEYLOCK
- STRAIGHT ANKLE LOCK
- '''
05 列表推導(dǎo)式
語法上列表推導(dǎo)式與生成器表達(dá)式類似,然而直接對比它們,會發(fā)現(xiàn)列表推導(dǎo)式是在內(nèi)存中求值。此外,列表推導(dǎo)式是優(yōu)化的C代碼,可以認(rèn)為這是對傳統(tǒng)for循環(huán)的重大改進(jìn)。
- martial_arts = ["Sambo", "Muay Thai", "BJJ"]
- new_phrases [f"mixed Martial Arts is influenced by \
- (martial_art)" for martial_art in martial_arts]
- print(new_phrases)
- ['Mixed Martial Arts is influenced by Sambo', \
- 'Mixed Martial Arts is influenced by Muay Thai', \
- 'Mixed Martial Arts is influenced by BJJ']
06 中級主題
有了這些基礎(chǔ)知識后,重要的是不僅要了解如何創(chuàng)建代碼,還要了解如何創(chuàng)建可維護(hù)的代碼。創(chuàng)建可維護(hù)代碼的一種方法是創(chuàng)建一個庫,另一種方法是使用已經(jīng)安裝的第三方庫編寫的代碼。其總體思想是最小化和分解復(fù)雜性。
- 使用Python編寫庫
使用Python編寫庫非常重要,之后將該庫導(dǎo)入項(xiàng)目無須很長時間。下面這些示例是編寫庫的基礎(chǔ)知識:在存儲庫中有一個名為funclib的文件夾,其中有一個_init_ .py文件。要創(chuàng)建庫,在該目錄中需要有一個包含函數(shù)的模塊。
首先創(chuàng)建一個文件。
- touch funclib/funcmod.py
然后在該文件中創(chuàng)建一個函數(shù)。
- """This is a simple module"""
- def list_of_belts_in_bjj():
- """Returns a list of the belts in Brazilian jiu-jitsu"""
- belts= ["white", "blue", "purple", "brown", "black"]
- return belts
- import sys;sys.path.append("..")
- from funclib import funcmod
- funcmod.list_of_belts_in-bjj()
- #輸出:['white', 'blue', 'purple', 'brown', 'black']
- 導(dǎo)入庫
如果庫是上面的目錄,則可以用Jupyter添加sys.path.append方法來將庫導(dǎo)入。接下來,使用前面創(chuàng)建的文件夾/文件名/函數(shù)名的命名空間導(dǎo)入模塊。
- 安裝第三方庫
可使用pip install命令安裝第三方庫。請注意,conda命令(
https://conda.io/docs/user-guide/tasks/manage-pkgs.html)是pip命令的可選替代命令。如果使用conda命令,那么pip命令也會工作得很好,因?yàn)閜ip是virtualenv虛擬環(huán)境的替代品,但它也能直接安裝軟件包。
安裝pandas包。
- pip install pandas
另外,還可使用requirements.txt文件安裝包。
- > ca requirements.txt
- pylint
- pytest
- pytest-cov
- click
- jupyter
- nbval
- > pip install -r requirements.txt
下面是在Jupyter Notebook中使用小型庫的示例。值得指出的是,在Jupyter Notebook中創(chuàng)建程序代碼組成的巨型蜘蛛網(wǎng)很容易,而且非常簡單的解決方法就是創(chuàng)建一些庫,然后測試并導(dǎo)入這些庫。
- """This is a simple module"""
- import pandas as pd
- def list_of_belts_in_bjj():
- """Returns a list of the belts in Brazilian jiu-jitsu"""
- belts = ["white", "blue", "purple", "brown", "black"]
- return belts
- def count_belts():
- """Uses Pandas to count number of belts"""
- belts = list_of_belts_in_bjj()
- df = pd.Dataframe(belts)
- res = df.count()
- count = res.values.tolist()[0]
- return count
- from funclib.funcmod import count_belts
- print(count_belts())
- #輸出:5
- 類
可在Jupyter Notebook中重復(fù)使用類并與類進(jìn)行交互。最簡單的類類型就是一個名稱,類的定義形式如下。
- class Competitor: pass
該類可實(shí)例化為多個對象。
- class Competitor: pass
- conor = Competitor()
- conor.name = "Conor McGregor"
- conor.age = 29
- conor.weight = 155
- nate = Competitor()
- nate.name = "Nate Diaz"
- nate.age = 30
- nate.weight = 170
- def print_competitor _age(object):
- """Print out age statistics about a competitor"""
- print(f"{object.name} is {object.age} years old")
- print_competitor_age(nate)
- #輸出:Nate Diaz is 30 years old
- print_competitor_age(conor)
- #輸出:Conor McGregor is 29 years old
- 類和函數(shù)的區(qū)別
類和函數(shù)的主要區(qū)別包括:
- 函數(shù)更容易解釋。
- 函數(shù)(典型情況下)只在函數(shù)內(nèi)部具有狀態(tài),而類在函數(shù)外部保持不變的狀態(tài)。
- 類能以復(fù)雜性為代價提供更高級別的抽象。