嵌入式算法之CRC校驗(yàn)算法
數(shù)據(jù)傳輸過(guò)程中差錯(cuò)不可避免,接收方在收到數(shù)據(jù)后,先對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行校驗(yàn),異常數(shù)據(jù)特殊處理。校驗(yàn)的方式有很多,常見(jiàn)的有CRC循環(huán)冗余校驗(yàn)。CRC算法檢錯(cuò)能力強(qiáng),效率高,是信息通信領(lǐng)域最為普遍的校驗(yàn)方式。CRC校驗(yàn)算法應(yīng)用廣,且實(shí)現(xiàn)算法簡(jiǎn)單,但其背后的涉及的糾錯(cuò)碼的代數(shù)理論,不是一般人可以理解的。所以,在不理解循環(huán)校驗(yàn)原理的基礎(chǔ)上,貿(mào)然分析算法流程是不明智的,根據(jù)源碼倒推實(shí)現(xiàn)流程,也不會(huì)明白為什么要這樣執(zhí)行?一般關(guān)注CRC以應(yīng)用為主,以及為什么都是CRC16算法,得出的結(jié)果卻不同。本文的意圖只是這個(gè)。
1、CRC定義
假設(shè)要發(fā)送996這個(gè)數(shù)字,將其除以7余數(shù)為2,發(fā)送時(shí)將996-2合并后發(fā)出,接收方按同樣運(yùn)算判斷數(shù)據(jù)包是否正確。同樣的源數(shù)據(jù),因?yàn)槌龜?shù)不同而余數(shù)不同。CRC算法也是因?yàn)轭?lèi)似原理。
CRC算法中參數(shù)解釋如下:
1、除法定為模2除法
2、除數(shù)定為多項(xiàng)式,如x^16+x^12+x^5+1(0x1021) 2^16+2^12+2^5+2^0=65536+4096+32+1= 69665=0x11021 。依據(jù)不可描述的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),多項(xiàng)式最高位和最低位必須為1,所以一般簡(jiǎn)化為0x1021,忽略最高位,記為Poly。
3、因?yàn)槎囗?xiàng)式長(zhǎng)度不同,一般分為CRC8、CRC16和CRC32,因?yàn)槟?除法簡(jiǎn)化為異或和移位操作,其初始值為Init。
4、還有三個(gè)參數(shù)
RefIn:待測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的每個(gè)字節(jié)是否按位反轉(zhuǎn),TRUE或FALSE。
RefOut:在計(jì)算后之后,異或輸出之前,整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是否按位反轉(zhuǎn),TRUE或FALSE。
XorOut:計(jì)算結(jié)果與此參數(shù)異或后得到最終的CRC值。但是任何數(shù)與0異或還是它本身,所以該值為0時(shí)可以忽略。
5、因?yàn)槎囗?xiàng)式Poly,初始值等差異,CRC有不同的版本。理論上是多項(xiàng)式是可以隨意定義的,但是通用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多項(xiàng)式是經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo)的,盡可能的保證不同的數(shù)據(jù)求出的CRC值不相同。
6、參考https://crccalc.com/ 的定義,不同場(chǎng)景使用不同的多項(xiàng)式。
2、CRC算法與模板
通用版的CRC算法如下:
CRC8
- //以CRC-8/ITU為參考
- unsigned char CRC8(unsigned char *data, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned char i;
- unsigned char poly = 0x07;//與表中的Poly列對(duì)應(yīng)
- unsigned char init = 0x00;//與表中的Init列對(duì)應(yīng)
- unsigned char wChar = 0;
- while (len--)
- {
- wChar = *(data++);
- //RefIn為TRUE時(shí)執(zhí)行,FALSE時(shí)刪除
- //InvertUint8(&wChar,&wChar);
- init ^= wChar;
- for( i = 0;i < 8;i++)
- {
- if(init & 0x80)
- {
- init = (init << 1) ^ poly;
- }
- else
- {
- init = init << 1;
- }
- }
- }
- //RefOut為TRUE時(shí)執(zhí)行,FALSE時(shí)刪除
- //InvertUint8(&init,&init);
- //與XorOut進(jìn)行異或,若為0時(shí)執(zhí)行或不執(zhí)行沒(méi)有區(qū)別
- init=init^0x55;
- return (init);
- }
CRC16
- //以CRC-16/X-25為參考
- unsigned short CRC16(unsigned char *data, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned char i;
- unsigned short poly = 0x1021;//與表中的Poly列對(duì)應(yīng)
- unsigned short init = 0xFFFF;//與表中的Init列對(duì)應(yīng)
- unsigned char wChar = 0;
- while (len--)
- {
- wChar = *(data++);
- //RefIn為TRUE時(shí)執(zhí)行,FALSE時(shí)刪除
- InvertUint8(&wChar,&wChar);
- init ^= (wChar << 8);
- for( i = 0;i < 8;i++)
- {
- if(init & 0x8000)
- {
- init = (init << 1) ^ poly;
- }
- else
- {
- init = init << 1;
- }
- }
- }
- //RefOut為TRUE時(shí)執(zhí)行,FALSE時(shí)刪除
- InvertUint16(&init,&init);
- //與XorOut進(jìn)行異或,若為0時(shí)執(zhí)行或不執(zhí)行沒(méi)有區(qū)別
- init=init^0xFFFF;
- return (init);
- }
CRC8和CRC16,根據(jù)不同版本的參數(shù)差異,查表,將模板里的參數(shù)改為對(duì)應(yīng)值,即可得出對(duì)應(yīng)版本的CRC值。其中涉及到數(shù)據(jù)反轉(zhuǎn)的代碼如下:
- void InvertUint8(unsigned char *DesBuf, unsigned char *SrcBuf)
- {
- int i;
- unsigned char temp = 0;
- for(i = 0; i < 8; i++)
- {
- if(SrcBuf[0] & (1 << i))
- {
- temp |= 1 << (7 - i);
- }
- }
- *DesBuf = temp;
- }
- void InvertUint16(unsigned short *DesBuf, unsigned short *SrcBuf)
- {
- int i;
- unsigned short temp = 0;
- for(i = 0; i < 16; i++)
- {
- if(SrcBuf[0] & (1 << i))
- {
- temp |= 1 << (15 - i);
- }
- }
- *DesBuf = temp;
- }
3、查表
針對(duì)上面的代碼,求解CRC移位異或運(yùn)算的循環(huán)體,對(duì)時(shí)間要求較高的場(chǎng)景,可以提前計(jì)算生成數(shù)值表,以空間換時(shí)間。
- //以CRC-8/ITU為例,生成數(shù)組查表
- void creatTable(void)
- {
- unsigned char i,init;
- unsigned short j;
- for(j=0;j<=255;j++)
- {
- if(j%16==0)
- {
- printf("\r\n");
- }
- init=j;
- for( i = 0;i < 8;i++)
- {
- if(init & 0x80)
- {
- init = (init << 1) ^ 0x07;//以實(shí)際poly為準(zhǔn);
- }
- else
- {
- init = init << 1;
- }
- }
- printf("0x%02X,", init);
- }
- }
確定poly后,假設(shè)init為0-255,求出256個(gè)參數(shù),轉(zhuǎn)為一維數(shù)組。如上,以CRC-8/ITU為例,生成數(shù)組如下:
- unsigned char crcTable[]={
- 0x00,0x07,0x0E,0x09,0x1C,0x1B,0x12,0x15,0x38,0x3F,0x36,0x31,0x24,0x23,0x2A,0x2D,
- 0x70,0x77,0x7E,0x79,0x6C,0x6B,0x62,0x65,0x48,0x4F,0x46,0x41,0x54,0x53,0x5A,0x5D,
- 0xE0,0xE7,0xEE,0xE9,0xFC,0xFB,0xF2,0xF5,0xD8,0xDF,0xD6,0xD1,0xC4,0xC3,0xCA,0xCD,
- 0x90,0x97,0x9E,0x99,0x8C,0x8B,0x82,0x85,0xA8,0xAF,0xA6,0xA1,0xB4,0xB3,0xBA,0xBD,
- 0xC7,0xC0,0xC9,0xCE,0xDB,0xDC,0xD5,0xD2,0xFF,0xF8,0xF1,0xF6,0xE3,0xE4,0xED,0xEA,
- 0xB7,0xB0,0xB9,0xBE,0xAB,0xAC,0xA5,0xA2,0x8F,0x88,0x81,0x86,0x93,0x94,0x9D,0x9A,
- 0x27,0x20,0x29,0x2E,0x3B,0x3C,0x35,0x32,0x1F,0x18,0x11,0x16,0x03,0x04,0x0D,0x0A,
- 0x57,0x50,0x59,0x5E,0x4B,0x4C,0x45,0x42,0x6F,0x68,0x61,0x66,0x73,0x74,0x7D,0x7A,
- 0x89,0x8E,0x87,0x80,0x95,0x92,0x9B,0x9C,0xB1,0xB6,0xBF,0xB8,0xAD,0xAA,0xA3,0xA4,
- 0xF9,0xFE,0xF7,0xF0,0xE5,0xE2,0xEB,0xEC,0xC1,0xC6,0xCF,0xC8,0xDD,0xDA,0xD3,0xD4,
- 0x69,0x6E,0x67,0x60,0x75,0x72,0x7B,0x7C,0x51,0x56,0x5F,0x58,0x4D,0x4A,0x43,0x44,
- 0x19,0x1E,0x17,0x10,0x05,0x02,0x0B,0x0C,0x21,0x26,0x2F,0x28,0x3D,0x3A,0x33,0x34,
- 0x4E,0x49,0x40,0x47,0x52,0x55,0x5C,0x5B,0x76,0x71,0x78,0x7F,0x6A,0x6D,0x64,0x63,
- 0x3E,0x39,0x30,0x37,0x22,0x25,0x2C,0x2B,0x06,0x01,0x08,0x0F,0x1A,0x1D,0x14,0x13,
- 0xAE,0xA9,0xA0,0xA7,0xB2,0xB5,0xBC,0xBB,0x96,0x91,0x98,0x9F,0x8A,0x8D,0x84,0x83,
- 0xDE,0xD9,0xD0,0xD7,0xC2,0xC5,0xCC,0xCB,0xE6,0xE1,0xE8,0xEF,0xFA,0xFD,0xF4,0xF3, };
原來(lái)的直接計(jì)算改為查表,如下:
- //以CRC-8/ITU為參考
- unsigned char CRC8(unsigned char *data, unsigned int len)
- {
- unsigned char i;
- unsigned char poly = 0x07;//與表中的Poly列對(duì)應(yīng)
- unsigned char init = 0x00;//與表中的Init列對(duì)應(yīng)
- unsigned char wChar = 0;
- while (len--)
- {
- wChar = *(data++);
- //RefIn為TRUE時(shí)執(zhí)行,FALSE時(shí)刪除
- //InvertUint8(&wChar,&wChar);
- init ^= wChar;
- /************************************************************/
- #if 1
- init=crcTable[init];//查表,空間換時(shí)間
- #else
- for( i = 0;i < 8;i++)
- {
- if(init & 0x80)
- {
- init = (init << 1) ^ poly;
- }
- else
- {
- init = init << 1;
- }
- }
- #endif
- /************************************************************/
- }
- //RefOut為TRUE時(shí)執(zhí)行,FALSE時(shí)刪除
- //InvertUint8(&init,&init);
- //與XorOut進(jìn)行異或,若為0時(shí)執(zhí)行或不執(zhí)行沒(méi)有區(qū)別
- init=init^0x55;
- return (init);
- }
對(duì)于CRC16也可以使用查表法。
本文轉(zhuǎn)載自微信公眾號(hào)「嵌入式系統(tǒng)」,可以通過(guò)以下二維碼關(guān)注。轉(zhuǎn)載本文請(qǐng)聯(lián)系嵌入式系統(tǒng)公眾號(hào)。