一些你可能不知道的Python小技巧!
本文中,我們來看一看日常工作中經(jīng)常使用的一些 Python 小技巧。
集合
開發(fā)人員常常忘記 Python 也有集合數(shù)據(jù)類型,大家都喜歡使用列表處理一切。
集合(set)是什么?簡單來說就是:集合是一組無序事物的匯集,不包含重復(fù)元素。
如果你熟練掌握集合及其邏輯,那么很多問題都可以迎刃而解。舉個(gè)例子,如何獲取一個(gè)單詞中出現(xiàn)的字母?
- myword = "NanananaBatman"
- set(myword)
- {'N', 'm', 'n', 'B', 'a', 't'}
就這么簡單,問題解決了,這個(gè)例子就來自 Python 的官方文檔,大可不必過于驚訝。
再舉一個(gè)例子,如何獲取一個(gè)列表的各個(gè)元素,且不重復(fù)?
- # first you can easily change set to list and other way around
- mylist = ["a", "b", "c","c"]
- # let's make a set out of it
- myset = set(mylist)
- # myset will be:
- {'a', 'b', 'c'}
- # and, it's already iterable so you can do:
- for element in myset:
- print(element)
- # but you can also convert it to list again:
- mynewlist = list(myset)
- # and mynewlist will be:
- ['a', 'b', 'c']
我們可以看到,“c”元素不再重復(fù)出現(xiàn)了。只有一個(gè)地方你需要注意,mylist 與 mynewlist 之間的元素順序可能會(huì)有所不同:
- mylist = ["c", "c", "a","b"]
- mynewlist = list(set(mylist))
- # mynewlist is:
- ['a', 'b', 'c']
可以看出,兩個(gè)列表的元素順序不同。
下面,我們來進(jìn)一步深入。
假設(shè)某些實(shí)體之間有一對(duì)多的關(guān)系,舉個(gè)更加具體的例子:用戶與權(quán)限。通常,一個(gè)用戶可以擁有多個(gè)權(quán)限?,F(xiàn)在假設(shè)某人想要修改多個(gè)權(quán)限,即同時(shí)添加和刪除某些權(quán)限,應(yīng)當(dāng)如何解決這個(gè)問題?
- # this is the set of permissions before change;
- original_permission_set = {"is_admin","can_post_entry", "can_edit_entry", "can_view_settings"}
- # this is new set of permissions;
- new_permission_set = {"can_edit_settings","is_member", "can_view_entry", "can_edit_entry"}
- # now permissions to add will be:
- new_permission_set.difference(original_permission_set)
- # which will result:
- {'can_edit_settings', 'can_view_entry', 'is_member'}
- # As you can see can_edit_entry is in both sets; so we do notneed
- # to worry about handling it
- # now permissions to remove will be:
- original_permission_set.difference(new_permission_set)
- # which will result:
- {'is_admin', 'can_view_settings', 'can_post_entry'}
- # and basically it's also true; we switched admin to member, andadd
- # more permission on settings; and removed the post_entrypermission
總的來說,不要害怕使用集合,它們能幫助你解決很多問題,更多詳情,請(qǐng)參考 Python 官方文檔。
日歷
當(dāng)開發(fā)與日期和時(shí)間有關(guān)的功能時(shí),有些信息可能非常重要,比如某一年的這個(gè)月有多少天。這個(gè)問題看似簡單,但是我相信日期和時(shí)間是一個(gè)非常有難度的話題,而且我覺得日歷的實(shí)現(xiàn)問題非常多,簡直就是噩夢,因?yàn)槟阈枰紤]大量的極端情況。
那么,究竟如何才能找出某個(gè)月有多少天呢?
- import calendar
- calendar.monthrange(2020, 12)
- # will result:
- (1, 31)
- # BUT! you need to be careful here, why? Let's read thedocumentation:
- help(calendar.monthrange)
- # Help on function monthrange in module calendar:
- # monthrange(year, month)
- # Return weekday (0-6~ Mon-Sun) and number of days (28-31) for
- # year, month.
- # As you can see the first value returned in tuple is a weekday,
- # not the number of the first day for a given month; let's try
- # to get the same for 2021
- calendar.monthrange(2021, 12)
- (2, 31)
- # So this basically means that the first day of December 2021 isWed
- # and the last day of December 2021 is 31 (which is obvious,cause
- # December always has 31 days)
- # let's play with February
- calendar.monthrange(2021, 2)
- (0, 28)
- calendar.monthrange(2022, 2)
- (1, 28)
- calendar.monthrange(2023, 2)
- (2, 28)
- calendar.monthrange(2024, 2)
- (3, 29)
- calendar.monthrange(2025, 2)
- (5, 28)
- # as you can see it handled nicely the leap year;
某個(gè)月的第一天當(dāng)然非常簡單,就是 1 號(hào)。但是,“某個(gè)月的第一天是周X”,如何使用這條信息呢?你可以很容易地查到某一天是周幾:
- calendar.monthrange(2024, 2)
- (3, 29)
- # means that February 2024 starts on Thursday
- # let's define simple helper:
- weekdays = ["Monday", "Tuesday","Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday","Saturday", "Sunday"]
- # now we can do something like:
- weekdays[3]
- # will result in:
- 'Thursday'
- # now simple math to tell what day is 15th of February 2020:
- offset = 3 # it's thefirst value from monthrange
- for day in range(1, 29):
- print(day,weekdays[(day + offset - 1) % 7])
- 1 Thursday
- 2 Friday
- 3 Saturday
- 4 Sunday
- ...
- 18 Sunday
- 19 Monday
- 20 Tuesday
- 21 Wednesday
- 22 Thursday
- 23 Friday
- 24 Saturday
- ...
- 28 Wednesday
- 29 Thursday
- # which basically makes sense;
也許這段代碼不適合直接用于生產(chǎn),因?yàn)槟憧梢允褂?datetime 更容易地查找星期:
- from datetime import datetime
- mydate = datetime(2024, 2, 15)
- datetime.weekday(mydate)
- # will result:
- 3
- # or:
- datetime.strftime(mydate, "%A")
- 'Thursday'
總的來說,日歷模塊有很多有意思的地方,值得慢慢學(xué)習(xí):
- # checking if year is leap:
- calendar.isleap(2021) #False
- calendar.isleap(2024) #True
- # or checking how many days will be leap days for given yearspan:
- calendar.leapdays(2021, 2026) # 1
- calendar.leapdays(2020, 2026) # 2
- # read the help here, as range is: [y1, y2), meaning that second
- # year is not included;
- calendar.leapdays(2020, 2024) # 1
枚舉有第二個(gè)參數(shù)
是的,枚舉有第二個(gè)參數(shù),可能很多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的開發(fā)人員都不知道。下面我們來看一個(gè)例子:
- mylist = ['a', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'g', 'e']
- for i, item in enumerate(mylist):
- print(i, item)
- # Will give:
- 0 a
- 1 b
- 2 d
- 3 c
- 4 g
- 5 e
- # but, you can add a start for enumeration:
- for i, item in enumerate(mylist, 16):
- print(i, item)
- # and now you will get:
- 16 a
- 17 b
- 18 d
- 19 c
- 20 g
- 21 e
第二個(gè)參數(shù)可以指定枚舉開始的地方,比如上述代碼中的 enumerate(mylist,16)。如果你需要處理偏移量,則可以考慮這個(gè)參數(shù)。
if-else 邏輯
你經(jīng)常需要根據(jù)不同的條件,處理不同的邏輯,經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的開發(fā)人員可能會(huì)編寫出類似下面的代碼:
- OPEN = 1
- IN_PROGRESS = 2
- CLOSED = 3
- def handle_open_status():
- print('Handling openstatus')
- def handle_in_progress_status():
- print('Handling inprogress status')
- def handle_closed_status():
- print('Handling closedstatus')
- def handle_status_change(status):
- if status == OPEN:
- handle_open_status()
- elif status ==IN_PROGRESS:
- handle_in_progress_status()
- elif status == CLOSED:
- handle_closed_status()
- handle_status_change(1) #Handling open status
- handle_status_change(2) #Handling in progress status
- handle_status_change(3) #Handling closed status
雖然這段代碼看上去也沒有那么糟,但是如果有 20 多個(gè)條件呢?
那么,究竟應(yīng)該怎樣處理呢?
- from enum import IntEnum
- class StatusE(IntEnum):
- OPEN = 1
- IN_PROGRESS = 2
- CLOSED = 3
- def handle_open_status():
- print('Handling openstatus')
- def handle_in_progress_status():
- print('Handling inprogress status')
- def handle_closed_status():
- print('Handling closedstatus')
- handlers = {
- StatusE.OPEN.value:handle_open_status,
- StatusE.IN_PROGRESS.value: handle_in_progress_status,
- StatusE.CLOSED.value:handle_closed_status
- }
- def handle_status_change(status):
- if status not inhandlers:
- raiseException(f'No handler found for status: {status}')
- handler =handlers[status]
- handler()
- handle_status_change(StatusE.OPEN.value) # Handling open status
- handle_status_change(StatusE.IN_PROGRESS.value) # Handling in progress status
- handle_status_change(StatusE.CLOSED.value) # Handling closed status
- handle_status_change(4) #Will raise the exception
在 Python 中這種模式很常見,它可以讓代碼看起來更加整潔,尤其是當(dāng)方法非常龐大,而且需要處理大量條件時(shí)。
enum 模塊
enum 模塊提供了一系列處理枚舉的工具函數(shù),最有意思的是 Enum 和 IntEnum。我們來看個(gè)例子:
- from enum import Enum, IntEnum, Flag, IntFlag
- class MyEnum(Enum):
- FIRST ="first"
- SECOND ="second"
- THIRD ="third"
- class MyIntEnum(IntEnum):
- ONE = 1
- TWO = 2
- THREE = 3
- # Now we can do things like:
- MyEnum.FIRST #<MyEnum.FIRST: 'first'>
- # it has value and name attributes, which are handy:
- MyEnum.FIRST.value #'first'
- MyEnum.FIRST.name #'FIRST'
- # additionally we can do things like:
- MyEnum('first') #<MyEnum.FIRST: 'first'>, get enum by value
- MyEnum['FIRST'] #<MyEnum.FIRST: 'first'>, get enum by name
使用 IntEnum 編寫的代碼也差不多,但是有幾個(gè)不同之處:
- MyEnum.FIRST == "first" # False
- # but
- MyIntEnum.ONE == 1 # True
- # to make first example to work:
- MyEnum.FIRST.value == "first" # True
在中等規(guī)模的代碼庫中,enum 模塊在管理常量方面可以提供很大的幫助。
- enum 的本地化可能有點(diǎn)棘手,但也可以實(shí)現(xiàn),我用django快速演示一下:
- from enum import Enum
- from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
- class MyEnum(Enum):
- FIRST ="first"
- SECOND ="second"
- THIRD ="third"
- @classmethod
- def choices(cls):
- return [
- (cls.FIRST.value, _('first')),
- (cls.SECOND.value, _('second')),
- (cls.THIRD.value, _('third'))
- ]
- # And later in eg. model definiton:
- some_field = models.CharField(max_length=10,choices=MyEnum.choices())
iPython
iPython 就是交互式 Python,它是一個(gè)交互式的命令行 shell,有點(diǎn)像 Python 解釋器。
首先,你需要安裝 iPython:
- pip install ipython
接下來,你只需要在輸入命令的時(shí)候,將 Python 換成 ipython:
- # you should see something like this after you start:
- Python 3.8.5 (default, Jul 28 2020, 12:59:40)
- Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
- IPython 7.18.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' forhelp.
- In [1]:
ipython 支持很多系統(tǒng)命令,比如 ls 或 cat,tab 鍵可以顯示提示,而且你還可以使用上下鍵查找前面用過的命令。更多具體信息,請(qǐng)參見官方文檔。