from time import perf_counter
 
 import numpy as np
 
 import numba
 from numba import cuda
 
 print(np.__version__)
 print(numba.__version__)
 
 cuda.detect()
 
 # 1.21.6
 # 0.55.2
 
 # Found 1 CUDA devices
 # id 0             b'Tesla T4'                             [SUPPORTED]
 #                       Compute Capability: 7.5
 #                           PCI Device ID: 4
 #                               PCI Bus ID: 0
 #                                     UUID: GPU-bcc6196e-f26e-afdc-1db3-6eba6ff160f0
 #                                 Watchdog: Disabled
 #             FP32/FP64 Performance Ratio: 32
 # Summary:
 # 1/1 devices are supported
 # True

 def sum_cpu(array):
    s = 0.0
    for i in range(array.size):
        s += array[i]
    return s

threads_per_block = 1024 # Why not!
 blocks_per_grid = 32 * 80 # Use 32 * multiple of streaming multiprocessors
 
 # Example 2.1: Naive reduction
 @cuda.jit
 def reduce_naive(array, partial_reduction):
    i_start = cuda.grid(1)
    threads_per_grid = cuda.blockDim.x * cuda.gridDim.x
    s_thread = 0.0
    for i_arr in range(i_start, array.size, threads_per_grid):
        s_thread += array[i_arr]
 
    # We need to create a special *shared* array which will be able to be read
    # from and written to by every thread in the block. Each block will have its
    # own shared array. See the warning below!
    s_block = cuda.shared.array((threads_per_block,), numba.float32)
     
    # We now store the local temporary sum of a single the thread into the
    # shared array. Since the shared array is sized
    #     threads_per_block == blockDim.x
    # (1024 in this example), we should index it with `threadIdx.x`.
    tid = cuda.threadIdx.x
    s_block[tid] = s_thread
     
    # The next line synchronizes the threads in a block. It ensures that after
    # that line, all values have been written to `s_block`.
    cuda.syncthreads()
 
    # Finally, we need to sum the values from all threads to yield a single
    # value per block. We only need one thread for this.
    if tid == 0:
        # We store the sum of the elements of the shared array in its first
        # coordinate
        for i in range(1, threads_per_block):
            s_block[0] += s_block[i]
        # Move this partial sum to the output. Only one thread is writing here.
        partial_reduction[cuda.blockIdx.x] = s_block[0]

 N = 1_000_000_000
 a = np.arange(N, dtype=np.float32)
 a /= a.sum() # a will have sum = 1 (to float32 precision)
 
 s_cpu = a.sum()
 
 # Highly-optimized NumPy CPU code
 timing_cpu = np.empty(21)
 for i in range(timing_cpu.size):
    tic = perf_counter()
    a.sum()
    toc = perf_counter()
    timing_cpu[i] = toc - tic
 timing_cpu *= 1e3 # convert to ms
 
 print(f"Elapsed time CPU: {timing_cpu.mean():.0f} ± {timing_cpu.std():.0f} ms")
 # Elapsed time CPU: 354 ± 24 ms
 
 dev_a = cuda.to_device(a)
 dev_partial_reduction = cuda.device_array((blocks_per_grid,), dtype=a.dtype)
 
 reduce_naive[blocks_per_grid, threads_per_block](dev_a, dev_partial_reduction)
 s = dev_partial_reduction.copy_to_host().sum() # Final reduction in CPU
 
 np.isclose(s, s_cpu) # Ensure we have the right number
 # True
 
 timing_naive = np.empty(21)
 for i in range(timing_naive.size):
    tic = perf_counter()
    reduce_naive[blocks_per_grid, threads_per_block](dev_a, dev_partial_reduction)
    s = dev_partial_reduction.copy_to_host().sum()
    cuda.synchronize()
    toc = perf_counter()
    assert np.isclose(s, s_cpu)    
    timing_naive[i] = toc - tic
 timing_naive *= 1e3 # convert to ms
 
 print(f"Elapsed time naive: {timing_naive.mean():.0f} ± {timing_naive.std():.0f} ms")
 # Elapsed time naive: 30 ± 12 ms

 if tid == 0: # Single thread taking care of business
    for i in range(1, threads_per_block):
        s_block[0] += s_block[i]
    partial_reduction[cuda.blockIdx.x] = s_block[0]

 # Example 2.2: Better reduction
 @cuda.jit
 def reduce_better(array, partial_reduction):
    i_start = cuda.grid(1)
    threads_per_grid = cuda.blockDim.x * cuda.gridDim.x
    s_thread = 0.0
    for i_arr in range(i_start, array.size, threads_per_grid):
        s_thread += array[i_arr]
 
    # We need to create a special *shared* array which will be able to be read
    # from and written to by every thread in the block. Each block will have its
    # own shared array. See the warning below!
    s_block = cuda.shared.array((threads_per_block,), numba.float32)
     
    # We now store the local temporary sum of the thread into the shared array.
    # Since the shared array is sized threads_per_block == blockDim.x,
    # we should index it with `threadIdx.x`.
    tid = cuda.threadIdx.x
    s_block[tid] = s_thread
     
    # The next line synchronizes the threads in a block. It ensures that after
    # that line, all values have been written to `s_block`.
    cuda.syncthreads()
 
    i = cuda.blockDim.x // 2
    while (i > 0):
        if (tid < i):
            s_block[tid] += s_block[tid + i]
        cuda.syncthreads()
        i //= 2
 
    if tid == 0:
        partial_reduction[cuda.blockIdx.x] = s_block[0]
 
 
 reduce_better[blocks_per_grid, threads_per_block](dev_a, dev_partial_reduction)
 s = dev_partial_reduction.copy_to_host().sum() # Final reduction in CPU
 
 np.isclose(s, s_cpu)
 # True
 
 timing_naive = np.empty(21)
 for i in range(timing_naive.size):
    tic = perf_counter()
    reduce_better[blocks_per_grid, threads_per_block](dev_a, dev_partial_reduction)
    s = dev_partial_reduction.copy_to_host().sum()
    cuda.synchronize()
    toc = perf_counter()
    assert np.isclose(s, s_cpu)    
    timing_naive[i] = toc - tic
 timing_naive *= 1e3 # convert to ms
 
 print(f"Elapsed time better: {timing_naive.mean():.0f} ± {timing_naive.std():.0f} ms")
 # Elapsed time better: 22 ± 1 ms

 i = cuda.blockDim.x // 2
 while (i > 0):
    if (tid < i):
        s_block[tid] += s_block[tid + i]
        #cuda.syncthreads() 這個(gè)是錯(cuò)的
    cuda.syncthreads() # 這個(gè)是對(duì)的
    i //= 2

@cuda.reduce
 def reduce_numba(a, b):
    return a + b
 
 # Compile and check
 s = reduce_numba(dev_a)
 
 np.isclose(s, s_cpu)
 # True
 
 # Time
 timing_numba = np.empty(21)
 for i in range(timing_numba.size):
    tic = perf_counter()
    s = reduce_numba(dev_a)
    toc = perf_counter()
    assert np.isclose(s, s_cpu)    
    timing_numba[i] = toc - tic
 timing_numba *= 1e3 # convert to ms
 
 print(f"Elapsed time better: {timing_numba.mean():.0f} ± {timing_numba.std():.0f} ms")
 # Elapsed time better: 45 ± 0 ms

dev_s = cuda.device_array((1,), dtype=s)
 
 reduce_numba(dev_a, res=dev_s)
 
 s = dev_s.copy_to_host()[0]
 np.isclose(s, s_cpu)
 # True

 threads_per_block_2d = (16, 16) # 256 threads total
 blocks_per_grid_2d = (64, 64)
 
 # Total number of threads in a 2D block (has to be an int)
 shared_array_len = int(np.prod(threads_per_block_2d))
 
 # Example 2.4: 2D reduction with 1D shared array
 @cuda.jit
 def reduce2d(array2d, partial_reduction2d):
    ix, iy = cuda.grid(2)
    threads_per_grid_x, threads_per_grid_y = cuda.gridsize(2)
 
    s_thread = 0.0
    for i0 in range(iy, array2d.shape[0], threads_per_grid_x):
        for i1 in range(ix, array2d.shape[1], threads_per_grid_y):
            s_thread += array2d[i0, i1]
 
    # Allocate shared array
    s_block = cuda.shared.array(shared_array_len, numba.float32)
 
    # Index the threads linearly: each tid identifies a unique thread in the
    # 2D grid.
    tid = cuda.threadIdx.x + cuda.blockDim.x * cuda.threadIdx.y
    s_block[tid] = s_thread
 
    cuda.syncthreads()
 
    # We can use the same smart reduction algorithm by remembering that
    #     shared_array_len == blockDim.x * cuda.blockDim.y
    # So we just need to start our indexing accordingly.
    i = (cuda.blockDim.x * cuda.blockDim.y) // 2
    while (i != 0):
        if (tid < i):
            s_block[tid] += s_block[tid + i]
        cuda.syncthreads()
        i //= 2
     
    # Store reduction in a 2D array the same size as the 2D blocks
    if tid == 0:
        partial_reduction2d[cuda.blockIdx.x, cuda.blockIdx.y] = s_block[0]
 
 
 N_2D = (20_000, 20_000)
 a_2d = np.arange(np.prod(N_2D), dtype=np.float32).reshape(N_2D)
 a_2d /= a_2d.sum() # a_2d will have sum = 1 (to float32 precision)
 
 s_2d_cpu = a_2d.sum()
 
 dev_a_2d = cuda.to_device(a_2d)
 dev_partial_reduction_2d = cuda.device_array(blocks_per_grid_2d, dtype=a.dtype)
 
 reduce2d[blocks_per_grid_2d, threads_per_block_2d](dev_a_2d, dev_partial_reduction_2d)
 s_2d = dev_partial_reduction_2d.copy_to_host().sum() # Final reduction in CPU
 
 np.isclose(s_2d, s_2d_cpu) # Ensure we have the right number
 # True
 
 timing_2d = np.empty(21)
 for i in range(timing_2d.size):
    tic = perf_counter()
    reduce2d[blocks_per_grid_2d, threads_per_block_2d](dev_a_2d, dev_partial_reduction_2d)
    s_2d = dev_partial_reduction_2d.copy_to_host().sum()
    cuda.synchronize()
    toc = perf_counter()
    assert np.isclose(s_2d, s_2d_cpu)    
    timing_2d[i] = toc - tic
 timing_2d *= 1e3 # convert to ms
 
 print(f"Elapsed time better: {timing_2d.mean():.0f} ± {timing_2d.std():.0f} ms")
 # Elapsed time better: 15 ± 4 ms

 threads_16 = 16
 
 import math
 
 @cuda.jit(device=True, inline=True) # inlining can speed up execution
 def amplitude(ix, iy):
    return (1 + math.sin(2 * math.pi * (ix - 64) / 256)) * (
        1 + math.sin(2 * math.pi * (iy - 64) / 256)
    )
 
 # Example 2.5a: 2D Shared Array
 @cuda.jit
 def blobs_2d(array2d):
    ix, iy = cuda.grid(2)
    tix, tiy = cuda.threadIdx.x, cuda.threadIdx.y
 
    shared = cuda.shared.array((threads_16, threads_16), numba.float32)
    shared[tiy, tix] = amplitude(iy, ix)
    cuda.syncthreads()
 
    array2d[iy, ix] = shared[15 - tiy, 15 - tix]
 
 # Example 2.5b: 2D Shared Array without synchronize
 @cuda.jit
 def blobs_2d_wrong(array2d):
    ix, iy = cuda.grid(2)
    tix, tiy = cuda.threadIdx.x, cuda.threadIdx.y
 
    shared = cuda.shared.array((threads_16, threads_16), numba.float32)
    shared[tiy, tix] = amplitude(iy, ix)
 
    # When we don't sync threads, we may have not written to shared
    # yet, or even have overwritten it by the time we write to array2d
    array2d[iy, ix] = shared[15 - tiy, 15 - tix]
 
 
 N_img = 1024
 blocks = (N_img // threads_16, N_img // threads_16)
 threads = (threads_16, threads_16)
 
 dev_image = cuda.device_array((N_img, N_img), dtype=np.float32)
 dev_image_wrong = cuda.device_array((N_img, N_img), dtype=np.float32)
 
 blobs_2d[blocks, threads](dev_image)
 blobs_2d_wrong[blocks, threads](dev_image_wrong)
 
 image = dev_image.copy_to_host()
 image_wrong = dev_image_wrong.copy_to_host()
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2)
 ax1.imshow(image.T, cmap="nipy_spectral")
 ax2.imshow(image_wrong.T, cmap="nipy_spectral")
 for ax in (ax1, ax2):
    ax.set_xticks([])
    ax.set_yticks([])
    ax.set_xticklabels([])
    ax.set_yticklabels([])