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Ansible常用模塊介紹和使用

作者：ayunwSky
開(kāi)發(fā) 前端
shell模塊和command模塊比較類(lèi)似，但是shell被大家稱(chēng)為萬(wàn)能模塊，很多操作command不支持，但是shell卻支持。注意最后一種情況shell模塊也是不支持的。但是可以將命令寫(xiě)在一個(gè)腳本，將腳本拷貝到遠(yuǎn)端執(zhí)行，然后執(zhí)行shell模塊獲取結(jié)果。


一、簡(jiǎn)介

前面我們介紹了，ansible能作為自動(dòng)化配置管理，其實(shí)是由ansible的多種多樣的模塊來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。截止目前，ansible的模塊已經(jīng)高達(dá)3000+之多。但是個(gè)人在日常工作中，比較常見(jiàn)的大約20多個(gè)。下面我就大概介紹一些常見(jiàn)常用的模塊。

二、invenroty清單文件

# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[websrvs]
10.10.108.[30:33]

[dbsrvs]
10.10.108.30

[appsrvs]
10.10.108.[30:33]

三、常用模塊

3.1 ping 模塊

ping模塊執(zhí)行成功后，會(huì)給你返回綠色的消息，并且有一個(gè)pong響應(yīng)。all代表所有被管理的主機(jī)。

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m ping
10.10.108.30 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible all -m ping
10.10.108.30 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
10.10.108.32 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
10.10.108.31 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
10.10.108.33 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

3.2 command 模塊

因?yàn)閍nsible的默認(rèn)模塊是command，所以這里可以使用 -m 指定模塊名 command，也可以直接省略。

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m command -a "free -m"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7821         395        7110          16         314        7179
Swap:          4095           0        4095

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -a "free -m"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7821         395        7111          16         314        7179
Swap:          4095           0        4095

3.3 shell模塊

shell模塊和command模塊比較類(lèi)似，但是shell被大家稱(chēng)為萬(wàn)能模塊，很多操作command不支持，但是shell卻支持。注意最后一種情況shell模塊也是不支持的。但是可以將命令寫(xiě)在一個(gè)腳本，將腳本拷貝到遠(yuǎn)端執(zhí)行，然后執(zhí)行shell模塊獲取結(jié)果。

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "touch /tmp/a.txt"
[WARNING]: Consider using the file module with state=touch rather than running 'touch'.  If you need to use command because file is insufficient you can add 'warn: false' to
this command task or set 'command_warnings=False' in ansible.cfg to get rid of this message.
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "ls -al /tmp/ | grep 'a.txt'"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   0 Aug  9 09:37 a.txt

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "ls -al /tmp/ | grep "a.txt""
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   0 Aug  9 09:37 a.txt

# 會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)，shell萬(wàn)能模塊也不支持這種方式
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd |awk -F ':' '{print $1,$3}' >> /tmp/pwd.txt"
10.10.108.30 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
awk: cmd. line:1: {print ,}
awk: cmd. line:1:        ^ syntax error
awk: cmd. line:1: {print ,}
awk: cmd. line:1:         ^ syntax error
awk: cmd. line:1: {print ,}
awk: cmd. line:1:          ^ unexpected newline or end of stringnon-zero return code

注意: 你可能會(huì)注意到上面出現(xiàn)了WARNING?警告。這不是報(bào)錯(cuò)，它只是告訴你，應(yīng)該選擇file?模塊進(jìn)行創(chuàng)建文件的操作會(huì)更好，而不是使用shell?模塊操作。當(dāng)然它還告訴你可以在ansible.cfg?配置文件中設(shè)置command_warnings=False以關(guān)閉警告。

3.4 copy 模塊

從ansible管理節(jié)點(diǎn)拷貝文件到遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)。

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# cat getPasswd.sh
#!/bin/bash
# -*- Author -*- : ayunw

cat /etc/passwd |awk -F ':' '{print $1}'

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m copy -a "src=getPasswd.sh dest=/usr/local/src/ mode=0755 owner=root group=root"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "ce9c09f15cb6f62b550f819276d06b0e6cd59110",
    "dest": "/usr/local/src/getPasswd.sh",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0755",
    "owner": "root",
    "path": "/usr/local/src/getPasswd.sh",
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0",
    "size": 54,
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}

# 默認(rèn)目標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)存在文件會(huì)覆蓋，所以最好設(shè)置 backup=yes
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m copy -a "src=getPasswd.sh dest=/usr/local/src/ mode=0755 owner=root group=root backup=yes"

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "ls -al /tmp/ | grep 'getPasswd.sh'"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  54 Aug  9 09:50 getPasswd.sh

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "cat /tmp/getPasswd.sh"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#!/bin/bash
cat /etc/passwd |awk -F ':' '{print $1}'

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "bash /usr/local/src/getPasswd.sh"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
operator
games
ftp
nobody
systemd-network
dbus
polkitd
sshd
postfix

# 拷貝目錄下所有文件到遠(yuǎn)程，不包括目錄本身。文件多了以后，速度會(huì)非常慢
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m copy -a "src=/etc/ansible/ dest=/opt/"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "dest": "/opt/",
    "src": "/etc/ansible/"
}

3.5 fetch 模塊

從遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)獲取文件到ansible管理節(jié)點(diǎn)，但是不支持目錄操作

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m fetch -a "src=/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo dest=/usr/local/src"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "2feedd589b72617f03d75c4b8a6e328cc1aad918",
    "dest": "/usr/local/src/10.10.108.30/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo",
    "md5sum": "bddf35db56cf6be9190fdabeae71c801",
    "remote_checksum": "2feedd589b72617f03d75c4b8a6e328cc1aad918",
    "remote_md5sum": null
}

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ls -al /usr/local/src/10.10.108.30/etc/yum.repos.d/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  23 Aug 11 15:05 .
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root  25 Aug 11 15:05 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 664 Aug 11 15:05 epel.repo

3.6 file 模塊

# 創(chuàng)建軟連接
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m file -a 'src=/etc/passwd path=/tmp/passwd.link state=link'

# 查看剛創(chuàng)建的/tmp下的軟連接
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible all -m shell -a 'ls -l /tmp/passwd.link'

# 創(chuàng)建文件。如果文件已經(jīng)存在，則會(huì)更新文件的時(shí)間戳
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible all -m file -a 'name=d.txt state=touch'

# 刪除文件
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m file -a 'path=/tmp/cc.txt state=absent'

# 創(chuàng)建目錄（可以遞歸創(chuàng)建，直接加上文件名即可）
# 如果state=directory，那么如果目錄不存在，那么所有的子目錄將被創(chuàng)建（而且提供權(quán)限的創(chuàng)建），如果目錄# 已經(jīng)存在，則不進(jìn)行任何操作。如果state=file，文件將不會(huì)被創(chuàng)建
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m file -a 'path=/tmp/bj state=directory'

# 刪除目錄（可以遞歸刪除，無(wú)需任何參數(shù)，直接加上）
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m file -a 'path=/tmp/bj state=absent'

# 修改文件權(quán)限等屬性
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m file -a 'path=/tmp/bb.txt mode=700 owner=root group=root'

# 遞歸授權(quán)目錄權(quán)限 
ansible dbsrvs -m file -a "path=/data owner=bgx group=bgx recurse=yes"

3.7 hostname 模塊

管理遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)上的主機(jī)名

# 查看主機(jī)名
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a 'hostname'

# 更改主機(jī)名
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m hostname -a 'name=master'

3.8 yum 模塊

# 安裝一個(gè)httpd服務(wù)，默認(rèn)安裝最新版
# 使用state=present來(lái)安裝，多個(gè)包用','分割
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible dbsrvs -m yum -a 'name=httpd'

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m yum -a 'name=httpd state=present'

# 檢查是否安裝成功
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible dbsrvs -a 'rpm -qi httpd'

3.9 cron 模塊

# 創(chuàng)建計(jì)劃任務(wù)
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m cron -a 'minute=*/5 name=Ajob job="/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.8.100 &> /dev/null" state=present'
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m cron -a "minute=* hour=* day=* month=* weekday=* job='/bin/sh test.sh'"
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m cron -a "job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh'"

# 設(shè)置定時(shí)任務(wù)注釋信息，防止重復(fù)，name設(shè)定
ansible dbsrvs -m cron -a "name='cron01' job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh'"

# 注釋相應(yīng)定時(shí)任務(wù)，使定時(shí)任務(wù)失效
ansible dbsrvs -m cron -a "name='ansible cron01' minute=0 hour=0 job='/bin/sh test.sh' disabled=yes"

# 刪除相應(yīng)定時(shí)任務(wù)(怎么創(chuàng)建的就要怎么刪除)
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m cron -a 'minute=*/5 name=Ajob job="/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.8.100 &> /dev/null state=absent"'

# 查看計(jì)劃任務(wù)
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a "crontab -l"
172.16.20.115 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: Ajob
*/5 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.8.100 &> /dev/null 

# 刪除任務(wù)計(jì)劃
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a "crontab -r"

3.10 service 模塊

用來(lái)管理服務(wù)器上的服務(wù)

# 利用ansible的yum模塊安裝一個(gè)nginx
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m yum -a 'name=nginx state=present'

# 啟動(dòng)nginx
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a '/etc/init.d/nginx start'

# 或者利用ansible的service模塊（推薦）
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m service -a 'name=nginx state=started'

# 查看狀態(tài)
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a 'service nginx status'
 [WARNING]: Consider using service module rather than running service

# 停止nginx服務(wù)
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m service -a 'name=nginx state=stopped'
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a 'service nginx status'
 [WARNING]: Consider using service module rather than running service
 
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m service -a 'name=nginx state=started enabled=yes runlevel=2345'

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m shell -a 'chkconfig --list nginx'

3.11 group 模塊

用于添加遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)上的組

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible test -m group -a 'name=hr gid=2000 state=present'

3.12 user 模塊

管理遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)上的用戶(hù)的賬號(hào)

# 創(chuàng)建用戶(hù)指定uid和gid，不創(chuàng)建家目錄也不允許登陸
ansible dbsrvs -m user -a "name=ayunw uid=888 group=888 shell=/sbin/nologin create_home=no"
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m user -a 'name=martin group=hr groups=root uid=500  shell=/bin/bash home=/home/martin comment="martin user"'

# 刪除用戶(hù)
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m user -a 'name=martin state=absent remove=yes'

# 給新創(chuàng)建的用戶(hù)生成ssh密鑰對(duì)
ansible dbsrvs -m user -a "name=oo uid=6677 group=adm generate_ssh_key=yes ssh_key_bits=2048 ssh_key_file=.ssh/id_rsa" -i ./hosts

# 將明文密碼進(jìn)行hash加密，然后進(jìn)行用戶(hù)創(chuàng)建
ansible dbsrvs -m debug -a "msg={{ '123456' | password_hash('sha512', 'salt') }}"

3.13 setup 模塊

可收集遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)的facts變量的信息，相當(dāng)于收集了目標(biāo)主機(jī)的相關(guān)信息(如內(nèi)核版本、操作系統(tǒng)信息、cpu、…)，保存在ansible的內(nèi)置變量中，之后我們有需要用到時(shí)，直接調(diào)用變量即可.這在ansible-playbook 中很有用。

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m setup

# 使用setup獲取ip地址以及主機(jī)名使用filter過(guò)濾
ansible dbsrvs -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_default_ipv4'
# 獲取內(nèi)存信息
ansible dbsrvs -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_memory_mb'

# 獲取主機(jī)名
ansible dbsrvs -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_nodename'

# 僅顯示與ansible相關(guān)的內(nèi)存信息
ansible dbsrvs -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_*_mb'

3.14 authorized_key模塊

為特定的用戶(hù)賬號(hào)添加或刪除 SSH authorized keys

# 方法一
ansible web -m authorized_key -a "user=root key='{{lookup('file','/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub')}}' path=/root/.ssh/authorized_keys manage_dir=no"

# 方法二、
 vim pub_ssh_key.yml
---
- hosts: webs
  remote_user: osmgr
  become: yes
  become_user: root
  become_method: sudo
  tasks:
    - name: deliver authorized_keys
      authorized_key: 
        user: osmgr
        key: "{{ lookup('file', '/home/osmgr/.ssh/id_rsa.pub') }}"
        state: present

ansible-playbook pub_ssh_key.yml

3.15 synchronize 模塊

使用rsync 模塊，系統(tǒng)必須安裝rsync 包，否則無(wú)法使用這個(gè)模塊

ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a 'yum -y install rsync'

ansible web -m synchronize -a 'src=time.sh dest=/tmp/'

3.16 lineinfile 模塊

正則匹配，更改某個(gè)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)值。比如這里修改SELINUX的值

ansible dbsrvs -a 'cat /etc/selinux/config | grep ^SELINUX=' 

ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a 'cat /etc/selinux/config|grep "^SELINUX="'
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
SELINUX=enforcing

# 通過(guò)lineinfifle模塊修改SELinux的配置信息，改為disable
ansible dbsrvs -m lineinfile -a "path=/etc/selinux/config regexp='^SELINUX=' line='SELINUX=disabled'"

# 或者是使用ansible-playbook
vim set_selinux_disable.yml
---
- hosts: dbsrvs
  tasks:
  - name: seline modify enforcing
    lineinfile:
      dest: /etc/selinux/config
      regexp: '^SELINUX='
      line: 'SELINUX=enforcing'

# 刪除/etc/fstab文件中以#號(hào)開(kāi)頭的行
ansible dbsrvs -m lineinfile -a "dest=/etc/fstab state=absent regexp='^#'"

3.17 replace 模塊

和 sed 命令比較類(lèi)似，用于正則匹配和替換

# 查看遠(yuǎn)端節(jié)點(diǎn)的 /etc/fstab 源文件
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "cat /etc/fstab"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul  5 14:09:37 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=c47c20e8-8ed5-4d86-9209-f0e8876bb9e6 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

# 使用replace模塊
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m replace -a "path=/etc/fstab regexp=^(UUID.*) replace='#\1'"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "msg": "1 replacements made"
}

# 查看結(jié)果
[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "cat /etc/fstab"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul  5 14:09:37 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
#UUID=c47c20e8-8ed5-4d86-9209-f0e8876bb9e6 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

# 將注釋的UUID信息恢復(fù)
ansible dbsrvs -m replace -a "path=/etc/fstab regexp='^#(.*)' replace='\1'"

[root@ayunw ansible-example]# ansible dbsrvs -m shell -a "cat /etc/fstab"
10.10.108.30 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>


 /etc/fstab
 Created by anaconda on Tue Jul  5 14:09:37 2022

 Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
 See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=c47c20e8-8ed5-4d86-9209-f0e8876bb9e6 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

參數(shù)說(shuō)明：

  • \1：表示引用前面的小括號(hào)內(nèi)容
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shell模塊command
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