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招行一面:Java 的線程如何通信?

開發(fā) 后端
在 Java 中,線程是執(zhí)行的最小單元,那么線程之間是如何通信的呢?這篇文章我們一起來分析五種常用的方式。

在 Java中,線程是執(zhí)行的最小單元,那么線程之間是如何通信的呢?這篇文章我們一起來分析五種常用的方式。

  • 使用 wait()、notify() 和 notifyAll()
  • 使用 BlockingQueue
  • Exchanger
  • 使用 Locks 和 Condition
  • 使用 Semaphore

1. 使用 wait()、notify() 和 notifyAll()

Java的 Object 類提供了 wait()、notify() 和 notifyAll() 方法,這些方法可以用來實(shí)現(xiàn)線程之間的通信,這些方法必須在同步塊或同步方法中調(diào)用。

  • **wait()**:使當(dāng)前線程進(jìn)入等待狀態(tài),直到其他線程調(diào)用 notify() 或 notifyAll()。
  • **notify()**:喚醒在該對象監(jiān)視器上等待的單個(gè)線程。
  • **notifyAll()**:喚醒在該對象監(jiān)視器上等待的所有線程。

示例代碼:

class SharedResource {
    private int data;
    private boolean hasData = false;

    public synchronized void produce(int value) throws InterruptedException {
        while (hasData) {
            wait();
        }
        this.data = value;
        hasData = true;
        notify();
    }

    public synchronized int consume() throws InterruptedException {
        while (!hasData) {
            wait();
        }
        hasData = false;
        notify();
        return data;
    }
}

public class ProducerConsumerExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SharedResource resource = new SharedResource();

        Thread producer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    resource.produce(i);
                    System.out.println("Produced: " + i);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        Thread consumer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    int data = resource.consume();
                    System.out.println("Consumed: " + data);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        producer.start();
        consumer.start();
    }
}

2. 使用 BlockingQueue

BlockingQueue 是Java中一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的接口,提供了線程安全的隊(duì)列操作,并且可以在生產(chǎn)者-消費(fèi)者模式中使用。BlockingQueue 不需要顯式地使用同步機(jī)制,它內(nèi)部已經(jīng)處理好了線程同步問題。

示例代碼:

import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;

public class BlockingQueueExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BlockingQueue<Integer> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(10);

        Thread producer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    queue.put(i);
                    System.out.println("Produced: " + i);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        Thread consumer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    int data = queue.take();
                    System.out.println("Consumed: " + data);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        producer.start();
        consumer.start();
    }
}

3. 使用 Locks 和 Condition

Java提供了 java.util.concurrent.locks 包,其中包含了 Lock 接口和 Condition 接口。Condition 提供了類似于 wait()、notify() 和 notifyAll() 的方法,但它們與 Lock 對象一起使用,提供了更靈活的線程通信機(jī)制。

示例代碼:

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

class SharedResourceWithLock {
    private int data;
    private boolean hasData = false;
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();

    public void produce(int value) throws InterruptedException {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while (hasData) {
                condition.await();
            }
            this.data = value;
            hasData = true;
            condition.signal();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public int consume() throws InterruptedException {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while (!hasData) {
                condition.await();
            }
            hasData = false;
            condition.signal();
            return data;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}

public class LockConditionExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SharedResourceWithLock resource = new SharedResourceWithLock();

        Thread producer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    resource.produce(i);
                    System.out.println("Produced: " + i);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        Thread consumer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    int data = resource.consume();
                    System.out.println("Consumed: " + data);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        producer.start();
        consumer.start();
    }
}

4. 使用 Exchanger

Exchanger 是一個(gè)用于線程間交換數(shù)據(jù)的同步點(diǎn)。兩個(gè)線程可以在此同步點(diǎn)交換數(shù)據(jù),Exchanger 的 exchange() 方法用于在兩個(gè)線程之間交換數(shù)據(jù)。

示例代碼:

import java.util.concurrent.Exchanger;

public class ExchangerExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Exchanger<Integer> exchanger = new Exchanger<>();

        Thread producer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    System.out.println("Produced: " + i);
                    exchanger.exchange(i);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        Thread consumer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    int data = exchanger.exchange(null);
                    System.out.println("Consumed: " + data);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        producer.start();
        consumer.start();
    }
}

5. 使用 Semaphore

Semaphore 是一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)信號量,通常用于限制對某些資源的訪問。它可以用于控制線程訪問共享資源的數(shù)量,這在某些情況下也可以用作線程間通信的機(jī)制。

示例代碼:

import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

class SemaphoreSharedResource {
    private int data;
    private Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(1);

    public void produce(int value) throws InterruptedException {
        semaphore.acquire();
        try {
            this.data = value;
            System.out.println("Produced: " + value);
        } finally {
            semaphore.release();
        }
    }

    public int consume() throws InterruptedException {
        semaphore.acquire();
        try {
            System.out.println("Consumed: " + data);
            return data;
        } finally {
            semaphore.release();
        }
    }
}

public class SemaphoreExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SemaphoreSharedResource resource = new SemaphoreSharedResource();

        Thread producer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    resource.produce(i);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        Thread consumer = new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                    resource.consume();
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        });

        producer.start();
        consumer.start();
    }
}

結(jié)論

本文,我們分析了 Java線程通信的5種常見方式:

  • wait()/notify() 是一種低級別的同步機(jī)制,適合需要精細(xì)控制的場合;
  • BlockingQueue 和 Exchanger 提供了更高層次的抽象,簡化了線程間的數(shù)據(jù)交換;
  • Locks 和 Condition 提供了更靈活的鎖機(jī)制,適合復(fù)雜的同步場景;
  • Semaphore 則用于控制資源訪問。

在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,需要選擇哪種方式取決于具體的應(yīng)用場景和需求。如何你有好的通信方式,歡迎評論區(qū)留言。

責(zé)任編輯:趙寧寧 來源: 猿java
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