U盤安裝Debian 7.0 Wheezy
本安裝的試驗機器型號:筆記本acer ASPIRE 4730ZG (有點老), Intel Pentium dual-core T4200; display: ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3470。其他機器上的安裝大同小異,因為debian7.0對機器型號有非常廣泛的兼容性。且安裝時并不需要對機器有太多的了解。一個比較重要的問題是顯卡驅(qū)動,debian7.0下有兩種選擇:廠商閉源驅(qū)動(需手動下載安裝)或者debian提供的開源驅(qū)動(不需額外安裝)。一般來說,具體的選擇要看顯卡品牌,我的顯卡是AMD的,故安裝廠商的驅(qū)動。***說一句,不要幻想***次安裝就得到一個令你滿意的linux系統(tǒng)。成功的***次安裝linux只是一個起點。
1.在debian主頁下載Wheezy netinst
2.下載boot.img.gz文件,地址點擊此處查看。
3.準備安裝U盤,按照http://d-i.alioth.debian.org/manual/en.i386/ch04s03.html中的4.3.2節(jié)在linux環(huán)境下完成制作。這一步將制作得到一個可以啟動的用于安裝系統(tǒng)的U盤操作系統(tǒng)。制作好U盤后,重啟機器,讓機器從U盤啟動。進入安裝界面。可以選圖形,也可以選文本,個人覺得文本稍快些。
4.安裝
1)Go to Advanced options -> Expert install -> Execute a shell, run:
# nano /bin/check-missing-firmware Add "exit 0" below the line "#!/bin/sh". This is to prevent the hanging-on by error "Detecting the network hardware". 這一步原本是用于測試版的安裝,現(xiàn)在wheezy已經(jīng)發(fā)布,故不再需要,直接進入第二步。
2)分區(qū):
/boot 100M / 25G (個人覺得25G絕對夠了) /var 4G swap 2G /home 剩余空間
分區(qū)完成后僅僅安裝system-base,不要安裝任何其他的軟件,至于桌面環(huán)境接下來再安裝。請安裝 non-free sources。
3)After the basic installation, before finish the installation, execute a shell, run:
# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda2 /mnt //Note: sda2 is the partition of the /. # cd /mnt/etc/modprobe.d/ && nano ./radeon-kms.conf Type the following line into the file: options radeon modeset=0 ?。?#This must not be changed if the machine uses AMD display card. Refer to http://openwares.net/linux/reset_amd_kms.html)
保存。完成安裝,拔去U盤,重啟。到此,一個基本系統(tǒng)即安裝完成。
4) 登錄,在命令行下運行:
$ sudo aptitude install lxde firmware-realtek ///Note: Install the desktop environment LXDE.LXDE和xfce4都是老機器的選擇。華麗的可選gnome3和KDE。 $ sudo groupadd -f powerdev $ sudo adduser USERNAME powerdev Reboot and log into the LXDE environment.
5.Locales
$sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales //Note: command for check: locale -a Select: en_US.UTF-8 //Note: used as default en_US.iso88591 zh_CN.gb2312 zh_CN.gbk zh_CN.utf8 zh_TW.big5 zh_TW.utf8
6.Install softwares.
Downloaded Bleachbit and Libreoffice from webs and install them. $ sudo apt-get install inkscape gnome-screenshot fcitx fcitx-pinyin vlc
7.Install xfce4-power-manager to control AC/batery
$ sudo apt-get -y purge xscreensaver xscreensaver-data $ sudo apt-get install xfce4-power-manager
8.Install AMD driver(廠商閉源驅(qū)動).
Prepare for installation environment: $ sudo apt-get install module-assistant build-essential $ sudo apt-get install fakeroot dh-make debconf libstdc++5 linux-headers-$(uname -r) firmware-realtek Download the AMD driver (http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/Pages/index.aspx) and run: $ sudo sh ./amd-driver-installer-*.run --install //Note: use option --help can check other commands.
9.su
$ sudo su //Note: once logged in, run: # passwd //Note: enter a new root password and from there on out you can log in via su.
10.Sound
$ sudo apt-get install alsa-utils Use command "$ lspci -v" to check whether a proper driver for sound card is working. If so, run: #alsactl ?。lsactl init
11.Internet
$ sudo apt-get install wicd wicd-gtk //小巧強大的網(wǎng)絡管理。 $ sudo apt-get install firmware-ralink //Note: non-free firmware of the wireless net driver rt2800pci, can be ckecked by command: $ lspci -v For successfully installing the non-free firmware, it should be sure that "non-free" in the /etc/apt/sources.list is uncommented (without # sign).
12.Set fcitx
$ cp /usr/share/applications/fcitx.desktop ~/.config/autostart/fcitx.desktop //Note: Set fcitx autostarted as login. $ nano ~/.xprofile Then add three lines to set the environment variables: export GTK_IM_MODULE=fcitx export QT_IM_MODULE=fcitx export XMODIFIERS=@im=fcitx $ sudo apt-get remove fcitx-config-common //Note: To remove the gtk configure packages. The word configure files are stored in ~/.config/fcitx.
13.Remove translations in apt-get update
Note: if no translation is needed, then run as following. $ sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99translations Add one line: Acquire::Languages "none"; save. $ cd /var/lib/apt/lists && sudo rm -f *Translation* //Note: Remove already indexed translations.
14.Skype was found not responsive when started, downloaded the dynamic package of skype (4.0.0.8) and executed in the termnal. According to the error messages:
"./skype: error while loading shared libraries: libXss.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory" "./skype: error while loading shared libraries: libQtNetwork.so.4: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory" Looked for the two libraries (libXss.so.1, libQtNetwork.so.4) in Debian's web, then run: $ sudo apt-get install libxss1 libqt4-network Evething then worked fine.
后記:
這次安裝,是在解決了很多問題之后才實現(xiàn)的。并不像一周之前安裝Fedora17那樣一帆風順, Debian的安裝似乎永遠沒有那么順利和快捷。很多其他linux發(fā)行版都宣稱:一鍵安裝。的確,方便快捷的安裝和即裝即用對于大多數(shù)用戶而言是一個好的操作系統(tǒng)所必須的!但是從以上所見,要獲得一個具備基本功能的debian系統(tǒng)并不是一件容易的事,這對于不了解debian的人來說又是難上加難。盡管如此,使得我對debian眷戀不已的,主要是其成熟的軟件包管理系統(tǒng)、極強的可定制性以及其國際化和社區(qū)化。“apt-get”是我最早接觸的linux命令,也是我認為在諸獨立發(fā)行版中***的包管理命令,假若沒有這個管理系統(tǒng),我真的不敢想象,將一切從頭編譯會怎樣麻煩。本想裝一個國產(chǎn)的linux發(fā)行版,支持一下國產(chǎn),看了好幾個,比如雨林木風的StartOS,深度的LinuxDeepin,這兩款似乎都不錯,然而卻太缺少可定制性了,難道他們所號稱的“專為國人設計”便是將一些常用的軟件都綁在了一起,甚至包括桌面環(huán)境也沒有他種選擇?也難怪,我們從一開始便被“經(jīng)過重新包裝過的Windows系統(tǒng)”慣壞了,以至于對于任何操作系統(tǒng)都會有類似的要求。其實,我認為,既然是開源的自由的操作系統(tǒng),就不能不考慮到其潛在使用者對于自由定制的需求。優(yōu)秀是一方面,自由定制也是不能忽略的。不妨在提供全功能的安裝鏡像之外,再提供一個具有自己特色的基本的操作系統(tǒng)核心給那部分喜歡自由定制和組合的用戶,就像debian這樣。