C++ 八種常見類類型
大部分面向?qū)ο箝_發(fā)工作中都應(yīng)用了以下部分或者全部的基本類別的類,每種都有其特定的用途和特征。
1.具體類 (Concrete Class)
我們可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)具體類來表示汽車。具體類Car可能會(huì)包含成員變量如brand(品牌)、model(型號(hào))和成員函數(shù)如start()(啟動(dòng))、accelerate()(加速)等。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Car {
private:
std::string brand;
std::string model;
public:
Car(std::string brand, std::string model) : brand(brand), model(model) {}
void start() {
std::cout << "Starting the " << brand << " " << model << "...\n";
}
void accelerate() {
std::cout << "Accelerating the " << brand << " " << model << "...\n";
}
};
int main() {
Car myCar("Toyota", "Camry");
myCar.start();
myCar.accelerate();
return 0;
}
2.抽象類 (Abstract Class)
我們可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)抽象類Shape來表示形狀,其中包含一個(gè)純虛函數(shù)calculateArea()用于計(jì)算面積。
#include <iostream>
class Shape {
public:
virtual double calculateArea() const = 0;
};
class Circle : public Shape {
private:
double radius;
public:
Circle(double radius) : radius(radius) {}
double calculateArea() const override {
return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}
};
int main() {
Circle circle(5);
std::cout << "Area of the circle: " << circle.calculateArea() << std::endl;
return 0;
}
3.接口類 (Interface Class)
接口類可以用來定義一組接口,例如Drawable接口可以定義繪制圖形的方法。
#include <iostream>
class Drawable {
public:
virtual void draw() const = 0;
};
class Circle : public Drawable {
public:
void draw() const override {
std::cout << "Drawing a circle\n";
}
};
int main() {
Circle circle;
circle.draw();
return 0;
}
4.節(jié)點(diǎn)類 (Node Class)
節(jié)點(diǎn)類可以用于實(shí)現(xiàn)鏈表數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的節(jié)點(diǎn)類的示例。
#include <iostream>
template<typename T>
class Node {
public:
T data;
Node<T>* next;
Node(T data) : data(data), next(nullptr) {}
};
int main() {
Node<int>* node1 = new Node<int>(1);
Node<int>* node2 = new Node<int>(2);
node1->next = node2;
std::cout << "Node 1 data: " << node1->data << std::endl;
std::cout << "Node 2 data: " << node1->next->data << std::endl;
delete node1;
delete node2;
return 0;
}
5.支持類 (Support Class)
支持類可以包含一些輔助函數(shù),例如數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算。以下是一個(gè)支持類的示例,用于計(jì)算階乘。
#include <iostream>
class MathUtils {
public:
static int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
};
int main() {
int result = MathUtils::factorial(5);
std::cout << "Factorial of 5: " << result << std::endl;
return 0;
}
6.域類 (Domain Class)
域類用于表示特定領(lǐng)域中的實(shí)體或概念。例如,我們可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)域類Employee來表示公司中的雇員。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Employee {
private:
std::string name;
int employeeId;
public:
Employee(std::string name, int employeeId) : name(name), employeeId(employeeId) {}
void display() const {
std::cout << "Name: " << name << ", Employee ID: " << employeeId << std::endl;
}
};
int main() {
Employee emp("John Doe", 12345);
emp.display();
return 0;
}
7.應(yīng)用類 (Utility Class)
應(yīng)用類可以提供一組通用的功能或工具函數(shù)。以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用類StringUtils,用于反轉(zhuǎn)字符串。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class StringUtils {
public:
static std::string reverseString(const std::string& str) {
std::string reversedStr = str;
std::reverse(reversedStr.begin(), reversedStr.end());
return reversedStr;
}
};
int main() {
std::string original = "hello";
std::string reversed = StringUtils::reverseString(original);
std::cout << "Reversed string: " << reversed << std::endl;
return 0;
}
8.集合和容器類 (Collection and Container Class)
集合和容器類用于存儲(chǔ)和管理多個(gè)元素的集合。例如,std::vector是C++標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)中的一個(gè)容器類,用于存儲(chǔ)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)組。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
std::cout << "Elements in the vector:";
for (int num : numbers) {
std::cout << " " << num;
}
std::cout << std::endl;
return 0;
}