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Python 中的 while 循環(huán)控制結(jié)構(gòu)深度解析與 15 個(gè)實(shí)踐案例

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本文詳細(xì)介紹了 Python 中 while? 循環(huán)的基本用法、高級(jí)技巧,并通過(guò) 15 個(gè)實(shí)踐案例幫助你更好地理解和應(yīng)用這一強(qiáng)大的工具。

在 Python 編程中,while 循環(huán)是一種非常重要的控制結(jié)構(gòu),用于重復(fù)執(zhí)行一段代碼,直到滿足某個(gè)條件為止。本文將深入解析 while 循環(huán)的基本用法、高級(jí)技巧,并通過(guò) 15 個(gè)實(shí)踐案例幫助你更好地理解和應(yīng)用這一強(qiáng)大的工具。

1. 基本語(yǔ)法

while 循環(huán)的基本語(yǔ)法如下:

while 條件:
    # 執(zhí)行的代碼塊

當(dāng)條件為 True 時(shí),循環(huán)體內(nèi)的代碼會(huì)一直執(zhí)行,直到條件變?yōu)?nbsp;False。

示例 1:基本 while 循環(huán)

count = 0
while count < 5:
    print(f"Count is {count}")
    count += 1  # 每次循環(huán)后增加計(jì)數(shù)器

輸出結(jié)果:

Count is 0
Count is 1
Count is 2
Count is 3
Count is 4

2. 無(wú)限循環(huán)

如果 while 循環(huán)的條件始終為 True,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致無(wú)限循環(huán)。通常情況下,我們需要在循環(huán)體內(nèi)設(shè)置一個(gè)條件來(lái)終止循環(huán)。

示例 2:無(wú)限循環(huán)

while True:
    user_input = input("Enter 'q' to quit: ")
    if user_input == 'q':
        break  # 當(dāng)用戶(hù)輸入 'q' 時(shí),終止循環(huán)

3. 使用 break 和 continue

break 語(yǔ)句用于立即退出循環(huán)。

continue 語(yǔ)句用于跳過(guò)當(dāng)前循環(huán)的剩余部分,直接進(jìn)入下一次循環(huán)。

示例 3:使用 break

count = 0
while count < 10:
    if count == 5:
        break  # 當(dāng)計(jì)數(shù)器達(dá)到 5 時(shí),退出循環(huán)
    print(f"Count is {count}")
    count += 1

輸出結(jié)果:

Count is 0
Count is 1
Count is 2
Count is 3
Count is 4

示例 4:使用 continue

count = 0
while count < 10:
    count += 1
    if count % 2 == 0:
        continue  # 跳過(guò)偶數(shù)
    print(f"Odd number: {count}")

輸出結(jié)果:

Odd number: 1
Odd number: 3
Odd number: 5
Odd number: 7
Odd number: 9

4. 嵌套 while 循環(huán)

可以在 while 循環(huán)內(nèi)部再嵌套一個(gè) while 循環(huán),以實(shí)現(xiàn)更復(fù)雜的邏輯。

示例 5:嵌套 while 循環(huán)

i = 1
while i <= 3:
    j = 1
    while j <= 3:
        print(f"({i}, {j})")
        j += 1
    i += 1

輸出結(jié)果:

(1, 1)
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
(2, 1)
(2, 2)
(2, 3)
(3, 1)
(3, 2)
(3, 3)

5. else 子句

while 循環(huán)可以包含一個(gè) else 子句,當(dāng)循環(huán)正常結(jié)束(即條件變?yōu)?nbsp;False)時(shí),else 子句中的代碼會(huì)被執(zhí)行。

示例 6:else 子句

count = 0
while count < 5:
    print(f"Count is {count}")
    count += 1
else:
    print("Loop finished normally")

輸出結(jié)果:

Count is 0
Count is 1
Count is 2
Count is 3
Count is 4
Loop finished normally

6. 處理異常

在 while 循環(huán)中,可以使用 try-except 語(yǔ)句來(lái)處理可能出現(xiàn)的異常。

示例 7:處理異常

while True:
    try:
        user_input = int(input("Enter a number: "))
        print(f"You entered: {user_input}")
        break
    except ValueError:
        print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.")

7. 使用 while 循環(huán)進(jìn)行文件讀取

while 循環(huán)可以用于逐行讀取文件內(nèi)容。

示例 8:逐行讀取文件

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
    line = file.readline()
    while line:
        print(line.strip())  # 去除行末的換行符
        line = file.readline()

假設(shè) example.txt 文件內(nèi)容如下:

Line 1
Line 2
Line 3

輸出結(jié)果:

Line 1
Line 2
Line 3

8. 使用 while 循環(huán)生成斐波那契數(shù)列

斐波那契數(shù)列是一個(gè)經(jīng)典的數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題,可以用 while 循環(huán)來(lái)生成。

示例 9:生成斐波那契數(shù)列

a, b = 0, 1
count = 0
while count < 10:
    print(a)
    a, b = b, a + b
    count += 1

輸出結(jié)果:

0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

9. 使用 while 循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單的猜數(shù)字游戲

示例 10:猜數(shù)字游戲

import random

number_to_guess = random.randint(1, 100)
attempts = 0

while True:
    user_guess = int(input("Guess the number (between 1 and 100): "))
    attempts += 1
    if user_guess == number_to_guess:
        print(f"Congratulations! You guessed the number in {attempts} attempts.")
        break
    elif user_guess < number_to_guess:
        print("Too low, try again.")
    else:
        print("Too high, try again.")

10. 使用 while 循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)倒計(jì)時(shí)

示例 11:倒計(jì)時(shí)

import time

seconds = 10
while seconds > 0:
    print(f"Time remaining: {seconds} seconds")
    time.sleep(1)  # 暫停 1 秒
    seconds -= 1
print("Time's up!")

11. 使用 while 循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算器

示例 12:簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算器

while True:
    print("Options:")
    print("Enter 'add' to add two numbers")
    print("Enter 'subtract' to subtract two numbers")
    print("Enter 'quit' to end the program")
    user_input = input(": ")

    if user_input == "quit":
        break
    elif user_input == "add":
        num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
        num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
        result = num1 + num2
        print(f"The result is {result}")
    elif user_input == "subtract":
        num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
        num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
        result = num1 - num2
        print(f"The result is {result}")
    else:
        print("Unknown command")

12. 使用 while 循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)斐波那契數(shù)列的生成器

示例 13:斐波那契數(shù)列生成器

def fibonacci():
    a, b = 0, 1
    while True:
        yield a
        a, b = b, a + b

fib = fibonacci()
for _ in range(10):
    print(next(fib))

輸出結(jié)果:

0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34

13. 使用 while 循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單的聊天機(jī)器人

示例 14:簡(jiǎn)單聊天機(jī)器人

greetings = ["hello", "hi", "hey"]
responses = {
    "hello": "Hi there!",
    "hi": "Hello!",
    "hey": "Hey!",
    "how are you": "I'm just a computer program, but thanks for asking!",
    "what's your name": "I'm a chatbot.",
    "bye": "Goodbye!"
}

while True:
    user_input = input("You: ").lower()
    if user_input in greetings:
        print(f"Bot: {responses[user_input]}")
    elif user_input in responses:
        print(f"Bot: {responses[user_input]}")
    elif user_input == "exit":
        break
    else:
        print("Bot: I don't understand that.")

14. 使用 while 循環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單的密碼驗(yàn)證

示例 15:密碼驗(yàn)證

correct_password = "password123"
attempts = 0

while attempts < 3:
    user_password = input("Enter your password: ")
    if user_password == correct_password:
        print("Access granted!")
        break
    else:
        print("Incorrect password. Try again.")
        attempts += 1
else:
    print("Too many failed attempts. Access denied.")

實(shí)戰(zhàn)案例:實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的銀行賬戶(hù)管理系統(tǒng)

假設(shè)我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的銀行賬戶(hù)管理系統(tǒng),用戶(hù)可以存錢(qián)、取錢(qián)和查看余額。我們將使用 while 循環(huán)來(lái)處理用戶(hù)的操作。

class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance=0):
        self.balance = balance

    def deposit(self, amount):
        self.balance += amount
        print(f"Deposited {amount}. New balance: {self.balance}")

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        if amount > self.balance:
            print("Insufficient funds.")
        else:
            self.balance -= amount
            print(f"Withdrew {amount}. New balance: {self.balance}")

    def check_balance(self):
        print(f"Current balance: {self.balance}")

# 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)銀行賬戶(hù)對(duì)象
account = BankAccount()

# 主循環(huán)
while True:
    print("\nOptions:")
    print("1. Deposit money")
    print("2. Withdraw money")
    print("3. Check balance")
    print("4. Exit")
    choice = input("Choose an option: ")

    if choice == "1":
        amount = float(input("Enter the amount to deposit: "))
        account.deposit(amount)
    elif choice == "2":
        amount = float(input("Enter the amount to withdraw: "))
        account.withdraw(amount)
    elif choice == "3":
        account.check_balance()
    elif choice == "4":
        print("Thank you for using our bank system. Goodbye!")
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

總結(jié)

本文詳細(xì)介紹了 Python 中 while 循環(huán)的基本用法、高級(jí)技巧,并通過(guò) 15 個(gè)實(shí)踐案例幫助你更好地理解和應(yīng)用這一強(qiáng)大的工具。從基本的計(jì)數(shù)器到復(fù)雜的銀行賬戶(hù)管理系統(tǒng),while 循環(huán)在各種場(chǎng)景中都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。

責(zé)任編輯:趙寧寧 來(lái)源: 手把手PythonAI編程
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